Enhancing Blockchain Scalability in Power Systems Through Ultra-Fast Second-Layer Channel with Deterministic State Integrity
RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
Abstract
Blockchain use in real-time power system automation is still limited because many off-chain protocols improve speed without checking whether exchanged actions remain physically safe for the grid.Some rollup-based approaches also introduce proof-generation cost or dispute delays that are too slow for protection and control tasks.This paper presents a second-layer ultra-fast channel, an off-chain peerto-peer communication architecture for cyber-physical energy systems.The channel is modeled as a finite-state machine and combines message validation before execution with state-convergence rules after execution to preserve deterministic protocol behavior without waiting for on-chain consensus.To reduce reliance on passive monitoring, the design uses a two-stage dispute process with an internal auditor for local recovery and a smart-contract-based virtual judge for final arbitration.An eventdriven prototype separates communication, synchronization, and corrective auditing into parallel execution paths.Experiments on a standard computer platform achieved an average throughput of 546 transactions per second for 128-byte messages, critical-path latency below 4 ms, and a memory requirement of 10.15 KB for standard messages.These results show that safety-aware validation and local recovery can be achieved with low overhead, making the proposed channel a practical candidate for secure real-time grid automation and decentralized energy coordination.
Authors 6
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Roua Hamila Aachen
Affiliation as printed
RWTH Aachen
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César Andrés Cazal Aachen
Affiliation as printed
RWTH Aachen
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Ferdinanda Ponci Aachen
Affiliation as printed
RWTH Aachen
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Thomas Rose Aachen
Affiliation as printed
RWTH Aachen
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Antonello Monti Aachen
Affiliation as printed
RWTH Aachen
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