Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 711, pp. A25

Abstract

The evolution of the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity function (UV LF) is a powerful probe of early star formation and galaxy stellar mass build-up. At z > 6, its bright end ( M UV < −21) remains poorly constrained due to small survey volumes of existing near-infrared (NIR) space-based imaging surveys. The Euclid Deep Fields (EDFs) will cover 53 deg 2 with NIR coverage down to a magnitude of 26.5 AB, providing a factor of 100 increase in area compared to previous space-based surveys. They thus offer an unprecedented opportunity to select bright z > 6 Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) and definitively constrain the bright end of the UV LF. With its NIR coverage extending to ∼2 μm, Euclid has the power to detect galaxies out to z ∼ 13. Here, we present a forecast for the number densities of z > 6 galaxies that Euclid is expected to observe in the final EDF dataset. Using synthetic photometry from spectral energy distribution (SED) templates of z = 5–15 galaxies, z = 1–4 interlopers, and Milky Way M-, L-, and T-type dwarfs, we investigate optimal selection methodologies for high- z LBGs in the EDF datasets. We find that a combination of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) cuts with SED fitting (over optical to MIR bands) yields the highest fidelity sample, recovering more than 76% of the input synthetic z > 6 LBGs, while limiting low- z contamination to less than 10%. This contamination does not include effects from instrumental artefacts, which will impact the first Euclid data releases. Auxiliary data prove critical: optical coverage from the Hyper Suprime Camera and Vera C. Rubin Observatory will distinguish genuine Lyman breaks from contaminant features, while Spitzer Space Telescope/IRAC data are vital for recovering z > 10 sources. Based on empirical double power-law LF models, we expect more than 100 000 LBGs at z = 6–12 and more than 100 sources as far back as z > 12 in the final Euclid data release. In contrast, the steeper Schechter LF models predict no detections of z > 12 LBGs. In this work, we also present two ultra-luminous ( M UV < −23.5) candidates selected from the Q1 EDF-N dataset ( Euclid Quick Data Release). If their redshifts are reliable, their magnitudes suggest a DPL UV LF model at z > 9. This highlights the power of Euclid in constraining the bright end of the UV LF in the early Universe and in identifying the most luminous sources that are valuable for further follow-up observations.

Authors 100

1. N. Allen

   University of Copenhagen

   Affiliation as printed

   Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

   Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen

2. Pascal A. Oesch

   University of Geneva · University of Copenhagen

   Affiliation as printed

   Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

   Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

   Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen

3. R. A. A. Bowler

   University of Manchester

   Affiliation as printed

   Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

4. Sune Toft

   University of Copenhagen

   Affiliation as printed

   Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

   Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen

5. Jasleen Matharu

   University of Copenhagen

   Affiliation as printed

   Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

   Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen

6. J. R. Weaver

   Massachusetts Institute of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

7. C. J. R. McPartland

   University of Copenhagen

   Affiliation as printed

   Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

   Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen

8. Marko Shuntov

   University of Copenhagen · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris

   Affiliation as printed

   Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

   Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris

   Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen

9. D. A. Sanders

   University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

10. Bahram Mobasher

    University of California System

    Affiliation as printed

    Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California

11. Henry Joy McCracken

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université

12. Hakim Atek

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université

13. Eduardo Bañados

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie

14. S.W.J. Barrow
    Affiliation as printed

    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

15. S. Belladitta

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie

16. D. Carollo

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

17. M Castellano

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

18. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

19. Peter Eisenhardt

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

20. Yuichi Harikane

    Institute for Cosmic Ray Research · The University of Tokyo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo

21. Grey Murphree

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

22. Mauro Stefanon

    Universitat de València

    Affiliation as printed

    Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València

23. S. M. Wilkins

    University of Sussex

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex

24. A Amara

    University of Surrey

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey

25. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

26. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

27. Carlo Baccigalupi

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

    INFN, Sezione di Trieste

    SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies

28. Marco Baldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

29. A. Balestra

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

30. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

31. P. Battaglia

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

32. Ralf Bender

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

33. A. Biviano

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

34. E. Branchini

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

    INFN-Sezione di Genova

35. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · University of Naples Federico II · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

36. J. Brinchmann

    European Southern Observatory · Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto · European Southern Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    European Southern Observatory

    Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP

37. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    INFN-Sezione di Torino

38. G Cañas-Herrera Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · European Space Agency · Leiden Observatory · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University

39. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

40. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

41. J. Carretero

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB

42. G. Castignani

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

43. S. Cavuoti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

    INFN section of Naples

44. K. C. Chambers

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

45. A. Cimatti

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna

46. C Colodro-Conde

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

47. G. Congedo

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory

48. L. Conversi

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

    European Space Agency/ESRIN

49. Y. Copin

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

50. F. Courbin

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institute of Space Sciences · Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)

    Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)

51. Hélène M. Courtois

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon

52. M. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London

53. A da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa

54. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

55. G. De Lucia

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

56. H. Dole

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale

57. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

58. C. A. J. Duncan

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory

59. X. Dupac

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

60. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Padova

61. S. Escoffier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

62. M. Farina

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

63. R. Farinelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

64. F Faustini

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

    Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency

65. S Ferriol

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

66. Fabio Finelli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Bologna

67. N. Fourmanoit

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

68. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

69. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

70. M. Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

71. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

72. Koshy George

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics

73. Bryan R. Gillis

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory

74. C. Giocoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

75. Javier Graciá-Carpio

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

76. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

77. F Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

78. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo

79. Henk Hoekstra Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University

80. W. Holmes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

81. I. Hook

    Lancaster University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University

82. F. Hormuth
    Affiliation as printed

    Felix Hormuth Engineering

83. Allan Hornstrup

    Technical University of Denmark

    Affiliation as printed

    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

    Technical University of Denmark

84. K. Jahnkę

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie

85. M. Jhabvala

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

86. B Joachimi

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London

87. Elina Keihänen

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics

88. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

89. A. Kiessling

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

90. Bogna Kubik

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

91. Konrad H. Kuijken Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University

92. M. Kümmel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

93. Martin Kunz

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics

94. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

95. Amandine M. C. Le Brun

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d'Étude de l'Univers et des Phénomènes Extrêmes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS

96. David Le Mignant

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM

97. S. Ligori

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

98. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo

99. V. Lindholm

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

100. Ivan Lloro

     SKA Observatory

     Affiliation as printed

     SKAO