Evolution of submillimeter galaxies across cosmic-web environments

arXiv (Cornell University)

Abstract

Submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) provide valuable insights into galaxy formation and evolution and are likely influenced by their cosmic environment. However, their rarity makes environmental trends difficult to establish. We use the FLAMINGO simulation, which simultaneously reproduces the redshift distribution and number counts of SMGs. We use the DisPerSE to identify filamentary structures at $z=4$, 3, 2, 1.5, and 1. We define inner cluster-halo, outer cluster-halo, inner filament, outer filament, and void/wall environments at each redshift considering mass evolution of cluster-halos and density evolution of filaments. For a fixed stellar-mass cut of $M_* \geq 10^{9}$ M$_{\odot}$, the fraction of SMGs in the inner cluster-halo environment declines from $\sim30\%$ at $z=4$ to $\sim3\%$ by $z=1$, and similar trends are observed in other environments. The abundance of SMGs within a cluster-halo increases with halo mass, mirroring the increase in the total galaxy population. Consequently, the ratio of SMG halo occupation to that of all galaxies is largely insensitive to halo mass, but varies with redshift. In contrast, the ratio of the halo occupation of non-SMGs to that of all galaxies declines with halo mass and shows little redshift evolution. We show that the central and satellite SMGs form two distinct populations in inner cluster-halos. SMGs occupy the metal-rich side of the metallicity distribution, but rarely attain the highest metallicities because ongoing enrichment is limited by gas depletion. The brightest SMGs (S$_{850} > 10$ mJy) are found exclusively in inner cluster-halos, highlighting a strong connection between SMG luminosity and environmental density. Our results show that SMGs dominate star formation in dense environments, contributing up to $80\%$ of the SFR in inner cluster-halos at $z=4$, but less than $50\%$ in low-density regions.

Authors 15

1. Ankit Kumar

   Universidad Andrés Bello

   Affiliation as printed

   Universidad Andres Bello , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Departamento de Fisica y Astronomia , Instituto de Astrofisica , Fernandez Concha 700 , Las Condes , Santiago RM , Chile

2. M. Celeste Artale

   Universidad Andrés Bello

   Affiliation as printed

   Universidad Andres Bello , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Departamento de Fisica y Astronomia , Instituto de Astrofisica , Fernandez Concha 700 , Las Condes , Santiago RM , Chile

3. Antonio D. Montero-Dorta
4. L. Guaita

   Universidad Andrés Bello

   Affiliation as printed

   Millennium Nucleus for Galaxies (MINGAL)

   Universidad Andres Bello , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Departamento de Fisica y Astronomia , Instituto de Astrofisica , Fernandez Concha 700 , Las Condes , Santiago RM , Chile

5. Joop Schaye Aachen Leiden Observatory

   Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , PO Box 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands

6. Kyoung-Soo Lee

   Purdue University West Lafayette

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy , Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA

7. Alexandra Pope

   University of Massachusetts Amherst

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astronomy , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , MA 01003 , USA

8. Facundo Rodríguez

   Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Universidad Nacional de Córdoba · Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental

   Affiliation as printed

   CONICET. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental (IATE) . Laprida 854 , Córdoba X5000BGR , Argentina

   Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental (IATE) , CONICET-UNC , Laprida 854 , X500BGR , Córdoba , Argentina

9. Eric Gawiser

   Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

   Affiliation as printed

   Physics and Astronomy Department , Rutgers , The State University , Piscataway , NJ 08854 , USA

10. Ho Seong Hwang

    Seoul National University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea

    SNU Astronomy Research Center , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea

11. Paulina Troncoso Iribarren

    Universidad Central de Chile

    Affiliation as printed

    Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura , Universidad Central de Chile , Chile

12. Jaehyun Lee

    Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeokdae-ro , Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 34055 , Republic of Korea

13. Seong-Kook Lee

    Seoul National University

    Affiliation as printed

    SNU Astronomy Research Center , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea

14. Changbom Park

    Korea Institute for Advanced Study

    Affiliation as printed

    Korea Institute for Advanced Study , 85 Hoegi-ro , Dongdaemun-gu , Seoul 02455 , Republic of Korea

15. Yujin Yang

    Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeokdae-ro , Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 34055 , Republic of Korea