The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 707, pp. A198
Abstract
We present the third data release of the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS-DR3). The survey images cover 88% of the northern sky and were created from 12 950 h of data (18.6 PB) accumulated over 10.5 years. Producing the images took 20 million core hours of processing through direction-independent and direction-dependent calibration pipelines that correct for instrumental effects as well as spatially and temporally varying ionospheric distortions. In our 120–168 MHz continuum mosaic images with an angular resolution of 6″ (9″ below declination 10°) we catalogue 13 667 877 sources, formed from 16 943 656 Gaussian components. The scatter in the astrometric precision approximately follows the expected noise-like behaviour but with an additional systematic component of at least 0.24″ that is likely due to calibration imperfections. The random flux density scale error is 6%, while the systematic offset was previously shown to be within 2%. The median sensitivity of our mosaics is 92 μJy beam −1 , improving to 68 μJy beam −1 at high observing elevations, but degrading to 183 μJy beam −1 at the celestial equator due to station area projection effects. Completeness simulations, accounting for realistic source models, time- and bandwidth-smearing effects, and astrometric errors, indicate that we detect more than 95% of compact sources with integrated flux densities exceeding 9 times the local root mean square (RMS) noise. However, the recovered source counts in a particular integrated flux density bin do not match the injected counts until flux densities exceed 45 times the local RMS noise. The Euclidean-normalised differential source counts derived from the survey constrain the radio source population over five orders of magnitude and are in good agreement with previous deep and wide-area surveys. All data products are publicly available, including catalogues, individual-field Stokes I , Q , U , and V images, mosaicked Stokes I images, and uv data with associated direction-dependent calibration solutions.
Authors 99
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Rhodes University · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Observatoire Radioastronomique de Nançay
Affiliation as printed
Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies (RATT), Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University
LUX, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS
Observatoire Radioastronomique de Nancçay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL, UO
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Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
Affiliation as printed
Thüringer Landessternwarte
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Affiliation as printed
SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank
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Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh
Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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University of Amsterdam · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam
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Affiliation as printed
Astronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University
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Chalmers University of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, Nijmegen
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Chalmers University of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory
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Affiliation as printed
JBCA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University
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University of Groningen · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica & IPARCOS-UCM, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Affiliation as printed
Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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University of Groningen · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen
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Rutherford Appleton Laboratory · The Open University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics & Astronomy, The Open University
RAL Space, UKRI STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
INFN – Sezione di Torino
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire
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Center for Theoretical Physics · Polish Academy of Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences
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Affiliation as printed
Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Affiliation as printed
Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB)
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Bordeaux · Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux
Affiliation as printed
Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
INFN – Sezione di Torino
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics & Astronomy, The Open University
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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National Centre for Nuclear Research
Affiliation as printed
National Centre for Nuclear Research
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Affiliation as printed
Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB)
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Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh
Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation · Australia Telescope National Facility · University of Hertfordshire
Affiliation as printed
CSIRO Space and Astronomy, ATNF
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire
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University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Affiliation as printed
Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury
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University of Oxford · Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh
Affiliation as printed
Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford
School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg
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Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
Affiliation as printed
Thüringer Landessternwarte
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Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
Affiliation as printed
Thüringer Landessternwarte
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Affiliation as printed
Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Affiliation as printed
Astronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University
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University of Oxford · University of the Western Cape
Affiliation as printed
Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape
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Affiliation as printed
Ruđer Bošković Institute
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Affiliation as printed
Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Lehrstuhl für Astronomie
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University
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Nicolaus Copernicus University
Affiliation as printed
Toruń Centre for Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, NCU
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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National Centre for Nuclear Research
Affiliation as printed
National Centre for Nuclear Research
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Forschungszentrum Jülich · Jülich Supercomputing Centre
Affiliation as printed
Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich
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University of Groningen · South African Radio Astronomy Observatory · University of Pretoria
Affiliation as printed
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), P.O. Box 443, Krugersdorp 1740, South Africa; Department of Physics, University of Pretoria
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University of Groningen · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire
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Forschungszentrum Jülich · Jülich Supercomputing Centre
Affiliation as printed
Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich
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Affiliation as printed
Astronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC
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University of Concepción · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Center for Theoretical Physics · Polish Academy of Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Affiliation as printed
Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Affiliation as printed
Ruhr Astroparticle and Plasma Physics Center (RAPP Center)
Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB)
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo
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Affiliation as printed
Astronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University
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University of Groningen · Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje · University of Amsterdam · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam
Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen
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Affiliation as printed
Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB)
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University
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Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University
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