The ExoGRAVITY survey: A
Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology)
Abstract
Context. Direct observations of exoplanet and brown dwarf companions with near-infrared interferometry, first enabled by the dualfield mode of VLTI/GRAVITY, provide unique measurements of the objects’ orbital motions and atmospheric compositions. Aims. Here we compile a homogeneous library of all exoplanet and brown dwarf K-band spectra observed by GRAVITY thus far. This ExoGRAVITY Spectral Library is made publicly available online. Methods. We re-reduced all the available GRAVITY dual-field high-contrast data in a uniform and highly automated way and, where companions were detected, extracted their ~2.0-2.4 μm K-band contrast spectra. We then derived stellar model atmospheres for all the employed flux references (either the host star or the swap calibrator), which we used to convert the companion contrast into companion flux spectra. Solely from the resulting GRAVITY K-band flux spectra, we extracted spectral types, spectral indices, and bulk physical properties for all the companions. Finally, and with the help of age constraints from the literature, we also derived isochronal masses for most of the companions using evolutionary models. Results. The resulting library contains R ~ 500 GRAVITY K-band spectra of 39 substellar companions from late M to late T spectral types, including the entire L-T transition. Throughout this transition, a shift from CO-dominated late M- and L-type dwarfs to CH4-dominated T-type dwarfs can be observed in the K-band. The GRAVITY spectra alone constrain the objects’ bolometric luminosity to typically within ±0.15 dex. The derived isochronal masses agree with dynamical masses from the literature where available, except for HD 4113 c for which we confirm its previously reported potential underluminosity. Conclusions. Medium-resolution spectroscopy of substellar companions with GRAVITY provides insight into the carbon chemistry and the cloudiness of these objects’ atmospheres. It also constrains these objects’ bolometric luminosities, which can yield measurements of their formation entropy if combined with dynamical masses, for instance from Gaia and GRAVITY astrometry.
Authors 100
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European Southern Observatory · University of Cologne
Affiliation as printed
. Institute of Physics , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77 , 50937 Cologne , Germany
European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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European Southern Observatory · University of Cologne
Affiliation as printed
. Institute of Physics , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77 , 50937 Cologne , Germany
European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
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Space Telescope Science Institute · Johns Hopkins University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics & Astronomy , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Balti- more , MD 21218 , USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
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European Southern Observatory · University of Cologne
Affiliation as printed
. Institute of Physics , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77 , 50937 Cologne , Germany
European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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European Southern Observatory · University of Cologne
Affiliation as printed
. Institute of Physics , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77 , 50937 Cologne , Germany
European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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European Southern Observatory · University of Cologne
Affiliation as printed
. Institute of Physics , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77 , 50937 Cologne , Germany
European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Space Telescope Science Institute · European Space Agency
Affiliation as printed
European Space Agency (ESA) , ESA Office , Space Telescope Sci- ence Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
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Space Telescope Science Institute
Affiliation as printed
Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Balti- more , MD 21218 , USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics , Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astro- physics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy , North- western University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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University College Dublin · Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidel- berg , Germany
School of Physics , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
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Leiden University · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Affiliation as printed
Astronomy Department , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA
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European Southern Observatory · University of Cologne
Affiliation as printed
. Institute of Physics , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77 , 50937 Cologne , Germany
European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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University of Lisbon · Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação
Affiliation as printed
CENTRA -Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação , IST , Universidade de Lisboa , 1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
Universidade de Lisboa -Faculdade de Ciências , Campo Grande , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Max Planck Institute for Astronomy · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidel- berg , Germany
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astro- physics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy , North- western University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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European Southern Observatory · University of Cologne
Affiliation as printed
. Institute of Physics , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77 , 50937 Cologne , Germany
European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidel- berg , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Départment d'astronomie de l' Université de Genève , 51 ch. des Maillettes Sauverny , 1290 Versoix , Switzerland
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur
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Université Côte d'Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Lab- oratoire Lagrange , Bd de l'Observatoire , CS 34229 , 06304 Nice cedex 4 , France
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astro- physics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy , North- western University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université
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Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS , CNES , LAM , Marseille , France
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Affiliation as printed
STAR Institute , Université de Liège , Allée du Six Août 19c , 4000 Liège , Belgium
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences , JILA , Duane Physics Bldg. , 2000 Colorado Ave ,
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy , Auf dem Hügel 69 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
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Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy , University of Edinburgh , Royal Observa- tory , Edinburgh EH9 3HJ , United Kingdom
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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University of Lisbon · Universidade do Porto · Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação
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CENTRA -Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação , IST , Universidade de Lisboa , 1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
Universidade do Porto , Faculdade de Engenharia , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias , 4200-465 Porto , Portugal
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
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LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · University of California, Berkeley
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Departments of Physics and Astronomy , Le Conte Hall , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Space Telescope Science Institute
Affiliation as printed
Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive , Balti- more , MD 21218 , USA
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Départment d'astronomie de l' Université de Genève , 51 ch. des Maillettes Sauverny , 1290 Versoix , Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory , Casilla 19001 , Santiago 19 , Chile
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · European Space Agency · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
Advanced Concepts Team , European Space Agency , TEC-SF ,
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Affiliation as printed
Université de Paris , 5 place Janssen , 92195 Meudon , France
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidel- berg , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur
Affiliation as printed
Université Côte d'Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Lab- oratoire Lagrange , Bd de l'Observatoire , CS 34229 , 06304 Nice cedex 4 , France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidel- berg , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidel- berg , Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidel- berg , Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidel- berg , Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Space Research & Planetary Sciences , Physics Institute , University of Bern , Sidlerstr. 5 , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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University of Colorado Boulder
Affiliation as printed
University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA
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Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory , Casilla 19001 , Santiago 19 , Chile
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , IPAG , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA , Observatoire de Paris , PSL , CNRS , Sorbonne Université ,
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European Southern Observatory · University of Cologne
Affiliation as printed
. Institute of Physics , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77 , 50937 Cologne , Germany
European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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University of Colorado Boulder
Affiliation as printed
University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA
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Affiliation as printed
Départment d'astronomie de l' Université de Genève , 51 ch. des Maillettes Sauverny , 1290 Versoix , Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
Université de Paris , 5 place Janssen , 92195 Meudon , France
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidel- berg , Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics & Astronomy , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
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University of Bern · Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · University of Exeter · Center for Space and Habitability · European Space Research and Technology Centre · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
ESTEC , Keplerlaan 1 , NL -2201, AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands 31 University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK 32 Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstr. 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 33 Academia Sinica, Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11F Astronomy-Mathematics Building, NTU/AS campus, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan 34 Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, Baltimore, MD, USA 35 The Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking Univer- sity, Beijing 100871, PR China 36 Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany 37 Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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University of Bern · Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · University of Exeter · Center for Space and Habitability · European Space Research and Technology Centre · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
ESTEC , Keplerlaan 1 , NL -2201, AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands 31 University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK 32 Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstr. 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 33 Academia Sinica, Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11F Astronomy-Mathematics Building, NTU/AS campus, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan 34 Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, Baltimore, MD, USA 35 The Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking Univer- sity, Beijing 100871, PR China 36 Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany 37 Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Université de Paris , 5 place Janssen , 92195 Meudon , France
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbach- straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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