Clustering and novel class recognition: evaluating bioacoustic deep learning feature extractors

arXiv (Cornell University)

Abstract

In computational bioacoustics, deep learning models are composed of feature extractors and classifiers. The feature extractors generate vector representations of the input sound segments, called embeddings, which can be input to a classifier. While benchmarking of classification scores provides insights into specific performance statistics, it is limited to species that are included in the models' training data. Furthermore, it makes it impossible to compare models trained on very different taxonomic groups. This paper aims to address this gap by analyzing the embeddings generated by the feature extractors of 15 bioacoustic models spanning a wide range of setups (model architectures, training data, training paradigms). We evaluated and compared different ways in which models structure embedding spaces through clustering and kNN classification, which allows us to focus our comparison on feature extractors independent of their classifiers. We believe that this approach lets us evaluate the adaptability and generalization potential of models going beyond the classes they were trained on.

Authors 3

1. Vincent S. Kather Aachen Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Tilburg University · Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence , Tilburg University , Netherlands

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Leiden , Netherlands

2. Burooj Ghani Aachen Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Leiden , Netherlands

3. Dan Stowell Aachen Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Tilburg University · Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence , Tilburg University , Netherlands

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Leiden , Netherlands