The White Matter Hyperintensity Shape and Brain Clearance (WHIMAS) Study for Identification of Novel 7T Magnetic Resonance Imaging Markers of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study
JMIR Research Protocols, vol. 14, pp. e77681
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sporadic cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) has a heterogeneous underlying pathology, and current SVD magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers do not accurately capture this heterogeneity. Novel ultrahigh-field (7T) brain MRI markers provide a window of opportunity to study early changes and potential determinants of SVD. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) shape is a relatively novel MRI marker of SVD and has shown prognostic potential. However, the exact microstructural changes within or surrounding WMHs or potential causes related to WMH shape variations are unknown. Furthermore, impaired brain clearance via the recently discovered brain clearance system may be another early change or potential cause of SVD. OBJECTIVE: In the White Matter Hyperintensity Shape and Brain Clearance (WHIMAS) study, we aim to assess the link between WMHs-their shape in particular-and brain clearance and other MRI markers on ultrahigh-field (7T) brain MRI and show whether these markers are associated with cognitive functioning in older adults with memory complaints. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the Leiden University Medical Center. A total of 50 outpatients from the memory or geriatric clinic aged ≥65 years will be recruited for a 3T and 7T MRI scan (including clinical structural scans, eg, 3D T1-weighted, 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery), and experimental scans such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-selective T2-prepared readout with acceleration and mobility encoding (CSF-STREAM) and the relationship between blood oxygen level-dependent [BOLD] signals and CSF flow) and magnetic resonance fingerprinting, as well as a standardized neuropsychological test battery (domains: memory, executive function, visuoconstruction, and processing speed). We will assess WMH shape markers (solidity, convexity, concavity index, fractal dimension, and eccentricity) and brain clearance markers (CSF mobility and the relationship between blood oxygen level-dependent signals and CSF flow) and study their relationship to other MRI markers and cognitive functioning using multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS: Patient inclusion started in January 2023, and study enrollment of patients is expected to finish in the second quarter of 2027, whereas the main results are expected to be published in the first quarter of 2028. CONCLUSIONS: We aim to understand variations in WMH shape and find their relationship to cerebral SVD and markers of brain clearance and cognitive functioning. WMH shape and brain clearance markers early in the disease process of SVD are extremely important as they may represent a basis for future patient selection for lifestyle interventions or for treatment trials aimed at the prevention of dementia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06010511; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06010511. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/77681.
Authors 15
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Jasmin Annica Keller Aachen CJ Gorter MRI Center Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CJ Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CJ Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Lydiane Hirschler Aachen CJ Gorter MRI Center Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CJ Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CJ Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Marie‐Noëlle W. Witjes‐Ané Aachen Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Marjolein A. Wijngaarden Aachen Center for Medicine for Older People Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics
Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Center for Medicine for Older People, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Martijn A. Nagtegaal Aachen CJ Gorter MRI Center Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CJ Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CJ Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Marjan van der Elst Aachen Center for Medicine for Older People Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics
Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Center for Medicine for Older People, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Geriatrics, Alrijne Hospital Leiden, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Simon P. Mooijaart Aachen Center for Medicine for Older People Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics
Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Center for Medicine for Older People, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Matthias J.P. van Osch Aachen CJ Gorter MRI Center Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CJ Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
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