Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT’EM) survey

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 707, pp. A134

Abstract

We present the characterisation of the TOI-6041 system, a bright ( V = 9.84 ± 0.03) G7-type star hosting at least two planets. The inner planet, TOI-6041 b, is a warm Neptune with a radius of 4.55 −0.17 +0.18 R ⊕ , initially identified as a single-transit event in TESS photometry. Subsequent observations with TESS and CHEOPS revealed additional transits, enabling the determination of its 26.04945 −0.00034 +0.00033 orbital period and the detection of significant transit-timing variations (TTVs), exhibiting a peak-to-peak amplitude of about 1 hour. Radial-velocity (RV) measurements obtained with the APF spectrographs allowed us to place a 3 σ upper mass limit of 28.9 M ⊕ on TOI-6041 b. In addition, the RV data reveal a second companion, TOI-6041 c, on an 88 d orbit, with a minimum mass of 0.25 M Jup . A preliminary TTV analysis suggested that the observed variations could be caused by gravitational perturbations from planet c; however, reproducing the observed amplitudes requires a relatively high eccentricity of about 0.3 for that planet. Our dynamical stability analysis indicates that such a configuration is dynamically viable and places a 1 σ upper limit on the mass of TOI-6041 c at 0.8 M Jup . An alternative is the presence of a third, low-mass planet located between planets b and c, or on an inner orbit relative to planet b – particularly near a mean-motion resonance with planet b – which could account for the observed variations. These findings remain tentative, and further RV and photometric observations are essential in to better constrain the mass of planet b and to refine the TTV modeling, thereby improving our understanding of the system’s dynamical architecture.

Authors 97

1. N. Heidari

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, CNRS & Sorbonne Université, UMR 7095

2. A. Alnajjarine

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université

   Affiliation as printed

   LTE, UMR8255 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sor-bonne Univ

3. Hugh P. Osborn

   ETH Zurich · Center for Space and Habitability

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern

   ETH Zurich, Department of Physics

4. D. Dragomir

   University of New Mexico

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico

5. Paul A. Dalba
   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California

6. W. Benz

   University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern

   Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

7. Guillaume Hébrard

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Observatoire de Haute-Provence · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, CNRS & Sorbonne Université, UMR 7095

   Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Université d’Aix-Marseille

8. J. Laskar

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université

   Affiliation as printed

   LTE, UMR8255 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sor-bonne Univ

9. N. Billot

   University of Geneva

   Affiliation as printed

   Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève

10. Maximilian N. Günther

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC)

11. Thomas G Wilson

    University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick

12. Yann Alibert

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

13. A. Bonfanti

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences

14. Allyson Bieryla

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian

15. C. Broeg

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

16. Alexandre C. M. Correia

    Centro de Física da Universidade de Coimbra · University of Coimbra

    Affiliation as printed

    CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra

17. J. A. Egger

    University of Bern

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

18. Z. Essack

    University of New Mexico

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico

19. Elise Furlan

    California Institute of Technology · NASA Exoplanet Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute

20. D. Gandolfi

    University of Turin

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino

21. Nolan Grieves

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève

22. Daryll M. LaCourse
    Affiliation as printed

    Amateur Astronomer

23. C. Pezzotti

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège

24. T. A. Pritchard

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

25. S. G. Sousa

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP

26. Soléne Ulmer-Moll

    University of Liège · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden

    Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège

27. S. Villanueva

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

28. R. Alonso

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

29. Joel Asquier

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC)

30. T. Bárczy
    Affiliation as printed

    Admatis

31. D. Barrado

    Centro de Astrobiología

    Affiliation as printed

    Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA)

32. S. C. C. Barros

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP

33. W. Baumjohann

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences

34. L. Borsato

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

35. A. Brandeker

    Stockholm University · AlbaNova

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center

36. M. Buder

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

37. Andrew Collier Cameron

    University of St Andrews

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews

38. Szilárd Csizmadia

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

39. Patricio E. Cubillos

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Space Research Institute · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences

40. M. B. Davies

    Lund University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University

41. M. Deleuil

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM

42. X. Delfosse

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Université Grenoble Alpes

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    Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG

43. A. Deline

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève

44. Olivier D S Demangeon

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP

45. Brice-Olivier Demory

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

46. A. Derekas

    Eötvös Loránd University

    Affiliation as printed

    ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory

47. B. Edwards Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands

    Affiliation as printed

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

48. David Ehrenreich

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre Vie dans l’Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève

49. Anders Erikson

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

50. A. Fortier

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

51. L. Fossati

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences

52. Malcolm C. Fridlund

    Leiden Observatory · Chalmers University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology

    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden

53. K. Gazeas

    National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

    Affiliation as printed

    National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, University Campus

54. M. Gillon

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège

55. M. Guêdel

    University of Vienna

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna

56. J. Hasiba

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences

57. A. Heitzmann

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève

58. Ch. Helling

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Graz University of Technology · Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences

59. Jon M. Jenkins

    Ames Research Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Ames Research Center

60. T. Keller

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

61. Keivan Guadalupe Stassun

    Vanderbilt University

    Affiliation as printed

    Vanderbilt University, Department of Physics & Astronomy

62. L. L. Kiss

    Eötvös Loránd University · Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics

    Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences

63. J. Korth

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève

64. K. W. F. Lam

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

65. D.W. Latham

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian

66. Alain Lecavelier des Etangs

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie

67. A. Leleu

    University of Geneva · University of Bern

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

68. M. Lendl

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève

69. P. F. L. Maxted

    Keele University

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University

70. Scott McDermott
    Affiliation as printed

    Proto-Logic LLC

71. Bruno Merín

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    European Space Agency, ESA – European Space Astronomy Centre

72. C. Mordasini

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

73. V. Nascimbeni

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

74. G. Nowak

    Nicolaus Copernicus University

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    Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University

75. G. Olofsson

    Stockholm University · AlbaNova

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    Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center

76. I. Pagano

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

77. Ε. Πάλλη

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

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    Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

78. G. Piotto

    University of Padua · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

79. D. Pollacco

    University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick

80. Didier P. Queloz

    ETH Zurich

    Affiliation as printed

    Cavendish Laboratory

    ETH Zurich, Department of Physics

81. R. Ragazzoni

    University of Padua · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

82. H Rauer

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) · Freie Universität Berlin

    Affiliation as printed

    German Aerospace Center (DLR)

    Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin

83. I. Ribas

    Institute of Space Sciences · Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

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    Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC)

    Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)

84. G. Ricker

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

85. G. Scandariato

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

86. Sara Seager

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

87. Damien Ségransan

    University of Geneva

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    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève

88. Attila E. Simon

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern

89. Alexis M. S. Smith

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

90. M. Stalport

    University of Liège

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    Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège

    Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège

91. Stephanie L. Striegel

    Ames Research Center · Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

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    SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA/NASA Ames Research Center

92. S. Sulis

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM

93. G. M. Szabó

    Eötvös Loránd University

    Affiliation as printed

    ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory

    HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group

94. Stéphane Udry

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève

95. V. Van Grootel

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège

96. R. Vanderspek

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

97. J. Venturini

    University of Geneva

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    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève