ALMAGAL
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 705, pp. A100
Abstract
Context . The fragmentation of massive molecular clumps into smaller, potentially star-forming cores plays a key role in the processes of high-mass star formation. The ALMAGAL project, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), offers highr-esolution data to investigate these processes across various evolutionary stages in the Galactic plane. Aims . This study aims at correlating the fragmentation properties of massive clumps, obtained from ALMA observations, with their global physical parameters (e.g., mass, surface density, and temperature) and evolutionary indicators (e.g., luminosity-to-mass ratio and bolometric temperature) obtained from Herschel observations. It seeks to assess whether the cores evolve in number and mass in tandem with their host clumps and to determine the possible factors influencing the formation of massive cores ( M > 24 M ⊙ ). Methods . We analyzed the masses of 6348 fragments, estimated from 1.4 mm continuum data for 1007 ALMAGAL clumps. Leveraging this unprecedentedly large dataset, we evaluated statistical relationships between clump parameters, estimated over ~0.1 pc scales, and fragment properties, corresponding to scales of a few thousand astronomical units, while accounting for potential biases related to distance and observational resolution. Our results were further compared with predictions from numerical simulations. Results . The fragmentation level correlates preferentially with clump surface density, supporting a scenario of density-driven fragmentation; however, it does not show any clear dependence on total clump mass. Both the mass of the most massive core and the core formation efficiency exhibit a broad range and increase, on average, by an order of magnitude across intervals defined by evolutionary indicators such as clump-dust temperature and the luminosity-to-mass ratio. This suggests that core growth continues throughout clump evolution, favoring clump-fed over core-fed theoretical scenarios. However, significant scatter in these relationships indicates that multiple factors, including magnetic fields, turbulence, and stellar feedback, not quantifiable with continuum data, influence fragmentation, as also suggested by comparison with numerical simulations.
Authors 53
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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Sapienza University of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma
INAF – IAPS
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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Affiliation as printed
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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Affiliation as printed
SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
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University of Cologne · University of Manchester
Affiliation as printed
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln
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Harvard University · Heidelberg University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Elizabeth S. and Richard M. Cashin Fellow at Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies at Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Universität Heidelberg, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen
Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum f|"ur Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik
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Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
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Affiliation as printed
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
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University of Groningen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia & Italian ALMA Regional Centre
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Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Astro-Ingeniería UC, Instituto de Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda Vicuña Mackenna
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie
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Affiliation as printed
University of Connecticut, Department of Physics
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · East Asian Observatory · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
East Asian Observatory
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
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Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre
Affiliation as printed
UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Florence · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri
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Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Max Planck Society · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri
LUX, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS
Max-Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE)
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM
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Affiliation as printed
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln
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Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Affiliation as printed
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
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Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Affiliation as printed
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Affiliation as printed
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
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Affiliation as printed
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The University of Lincoln, Brayford Way
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
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Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IAPS
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
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Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Data and Simulation Science, University of Cologne
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln
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Affiliation as printed
Universidad Autonoma de Chile
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