Initial performance results of the JUNO detector*
Chinese Physics C, vol. 50, pp. 043001
Abstract
Abstract The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) started physics data taking on 26 August 2025. JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector, surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenkov veto, and almost 1000 m 2 of plastic scintillator veto on top. The detector is located in a shallow underground laboratory with an overburden of 1800 m.w.e. This paper presents the performance results of the detector, extensively studied during the commissioning of the water phase, the subsequent liquid scintillator filling phase, and the first physics runs. The liquid scintillator achieved an attenuation length of 20.6 m at 430 nm, while the high coverage PMT system and scintillator together yielded about 1785 photoelectrons per MeV of energy deposit at the detector centre, measured using the 2.223 MeV γ from neutron captures on hydrogen with an Am-C calibration source. The reconstructed energy resolution is 3.4% for two 0.511 MeV γ at the detector centre and 2.9% for the 0.93 MeV quenched 214 Po alpha decays from natural radioactive sources. The energy non-linearity is calibrated to better than 1%. Intrinsic contaminations of 238 U and 232 Th in the liquid scintillator are below 10 -16 g/g, assuming secular equilibrium. The water Cherenkov detector achieves a muon detection efficiency better than 99.9% for muons traversing the liquid scintillator volume. During the initial science runs, the data acquisition duty cycle exceeded 97.8%, demonstrating the excellent stability and readiness of JUNO for high-precision neutrino physics.
Authors 86
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg
Affiliation as printed
IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3
IPHC - Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (23 rue Loess - BP 28 67037 Strasbourg Cedex - France)
Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I (France)
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Affiliation as printed
III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University
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Institute of High Energy Physics
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
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Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
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Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
Affiliation as printed
INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania
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Affiliation as printed
Sun Yat-sen University
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Institute of High Energy Physics
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
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Affiliation as printed
The University of Liverpool, Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, Oxford Str., Liverpool L69 7ZE
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
Affiliation as printed
INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg
Affiliation as printed
IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3
IPHC - Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (23 rue Loess - BP 28 67037 Strasbourg Cedex - France)
Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I (France)
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Affiliation as printed
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano
Affiliation as printed
INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Affiliation as printed
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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Affiliation as printed
High Energy Physics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie
Affiliation as printed
IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3
IJCLab - Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (Bât. 100 et 200, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay - France)
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · École Polytechnique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet
Affiliation as printed
LLR, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3
LLR - Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex - France)
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Affiliation as printed
Sun Yat-sen University
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Affiliation as printed
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
Affiliation as printed
INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca · University of Milano-Bicocca
Affiliation as printed
INFN Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca
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University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano
Affiliation as printed
INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg
Affiliation as printed
IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3
IPHC - Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (23 rue Loess - BP 28 67037 Strasbourg Cedex - France)
Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I (France)
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University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano
Affiliation as printed
INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
Affiliation as printed
INFN Sezione di Padova
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Nantes Université
Affiliation as printed
SUBATECH, Nantes Université, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3
SUBATECH - Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (IMT Atlantique - Campus de Nantes - La Chantrerie - 4, rue Alfred Kastler - CS 20722 - 44307 NANTES Cedex 3 - France)
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University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano
Affiliation as printed
INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
Affiliation as printed
INFN Sezione di Padova
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Roma Tre University · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre and INFN Sezione Roma Tre
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Affiliation as printed
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Affiliation as printed
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg
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Affiliation as printed
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Physikalisches Institut
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Affiliation as printed
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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Affiliation as printed
III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University
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Affiliation as printed
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Physikalisches Institut
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Institute of High Energy Physics
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca · University of Milano-Bicocca
Affiliation as printed
INFN Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca
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Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
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Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Affiliation as printed
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Nantes Université
Affiliation as printed
SUBATECH, Nantes Université, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3
SUBATECH - Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (IMT Atlantique - Campus de Nantes - La Chantrerie - 4, rue Alfred Kastler - CS 20722 - 44307 NANTES Cedex 3 - France)
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg
Affiliation as printed
IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3
IPHC - Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (23 rue Loess - BP 28 67037 Strasbourg Cedex - France)
Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I (France)
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Bordeaux · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
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Department of Physics, NTU
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797
LP2I - Bordeaux - Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux (19 Chemin du Solarium 33175 GRADIGNAN - France)
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca · University of Milano-Bicocca
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INFN Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca
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University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano
Affiliation as printed
INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg
Affiliation as printed
IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3
IPHC - Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (23 rue Loess - BP 28 67037 Strasbourg Cedex - France)
Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I (France)
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University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università di Padova and INFN Sezione di Padova
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
Affiliation as printed
INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Bordeaux · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Nantes Université
Affiliation as printed
SUBATECH, Nantes Université, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797
LP2I - Bordeaux - Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux (19 Chemin du Solarium 33175 GRADIGNAN - France)
SUBATECH - Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (IMT Atlantique - Campus de Nantes - La Chantrerie - 4, rue Alfred Kastler - CS 20722 - 44307 NANTES Cedex 3 - France)
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Roma Tre University · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre
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Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre and INFN Sezione Roma Tre
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Affiliation as printed
III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
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INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
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Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM
CPPM - Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (163, avenue de Luminy - Case 902 - 13288 Marseille cedex 09 - France)
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano
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INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano
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Affiliation as printed
Sun Yat-sen University
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics · Nanjing University
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
Nanjing University
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Institute of High Energy Physics · Nanjing University
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
Nanjing University
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Institute of High Energy Physics
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Bordeaux · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797
LP2I - Bordeaux - Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux (19 Chemin du Solarium 33175 GRADIGNAN - France)
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Nantes Université
Affiliation as printed
SUBATECH, Nantes Université, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3
SUBATECH - Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (IMT Atlantique - Campus de Nantes - La Chantrerie - 4, rue Alfred Kastler - CS 20722 - 44307 NANTES Cedex 3 - France)
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca · Politecnico di Milano
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INFN Milano Bicocca and Politecnico of Milano
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Millennium Institute for Subatomic Physics at High-Energy Frontier, Saphir
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Millennium Institute for SubAtomic Physics at the High-energy Frontier (SAPHIR)
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China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute (China)
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China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics
New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of High Energy Physics
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
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INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania
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University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano
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INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Bordeaux · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I, UMR 5797
LP2I - Bordeaux - Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux (19 Chemin du Solarium 33175 GRADIGNAN - France)
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University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università di Padova and INFN Sezione di Padova
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
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INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania
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Institute of High Energy Physics
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg
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GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research · Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
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GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1
Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz
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Affiliation as printed
High Energy Physics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University
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Institute of High Energy Physics
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
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Affiliation as printed
Guangxi University
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Guangxi University · Sun Yat-sen University
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Guangxi University
Sun Yat-sen University
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Guangxi University · Sun Yat-sen University
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Guangxi University
Sun Yat-sen University
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Guangxi University · Sun Yat-sen University
Affiliation as printed
Guangxi University
Sun Yat-sen University
-
Affiliation as printed
Sun Yat-sen University
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Institute of High Energy Physics
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics
Affiliation as printed
Institute of High Energy Physics
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