Optimizing the potential of KM3NeT in detecting core-collapse supernovae

Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2026, pp. 038

Abstract

Abstract Core-collapse supernovae mark the end of life of massive stars. However, despite their importance in astrophysics, their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Neutrinos that emerge from the dense core of the star offer a promising way to study supernova dynamics. A strategy is presented to improve the potential of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope to detect core-collapse supernovae in our Galaxy or the Large Magellanic Cloud by further exploiting the properties of its optical modules equipped with multiple photomultipliers. A supernova burst is expected to produce a sudden hit rate increase in the KM3NeT detectors, which could be used to detect a supernova even in the absence of triggers from other experiments. New observables have been defined for individual optical modules that exploit the geometry and time distribution of the detected hits, enabling a better discrimination between signal and background signatures. In addition, a thorough investigation of the related systematic uncertainties is presented for the first time. When implemented, this new methodology allowed KM3NeT to probe 46% more Galactic core-collapse supernova candidates than with the previous trigger strategy, reaching the dense Galactic bulge. It is now expected that, once completed, KM3NeT will achieve full Galactic sensitivity to core-collapse supernovae independently from other experiments.

Authors 97

1. O. Adriani

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze · University of Florence

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN, Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy

   Università di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy

2. A. Albert

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Haute-Alsace · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Université de Strasbourg

   Affiliation as printed

   Université de Haute Alsace, rue des Frères Lumière, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France

   Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

3. A.R Alhebsi

   Khalifa University of Science and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

4. S Alshalloudi

   Khalifa University of Science and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

5. M. Alshamsi

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

   Affiliation as printed

   Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

6. S. Alves Garre

   Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

   Affiliation as printed

   IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC – Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

7. F. Ameli

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio, G.Marconi, Roma, 00185, Italy

8. Michel L. Andre

   Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

   Affiliation as printed

   Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Avda. Rambla Exposició, s/n, Vilanova i la Geltrú, 08800, Spain

9. L. Aphecetche

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Nantes · Nantes Université

   Affiliation as printed

   Subatech, IMT Atlantique, IN2P3-CNRS, Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler – La Chantrerie, Nantes, BP 20722 44307, France

   SUBATECH - Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (IMT Atlantique - Campus de Nantes - La Chantrerie - 4, rue Alfred Kastler - CS 20722 - 44307 NANTES Cedex 3 - France)

10. M. Ardid

    Universitat Politècnica de València

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, C/ Paranimf, 1, Gandia, 46730, Spain

11. J. Aublin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

12. F. Badaracco

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, 16146, Italy

    Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, 16146, Italy

13. L. Bailly-Salins

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen · Normandie Université · Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire de Caen · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Caen Normandie

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    LPC CAEN, Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, 6 boulevard Maréchal Juin, Caen, 14050, France

14. B. Baret

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

15. A. Bariego-Quintana

    Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

    Affiliation as printed

    IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC – Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

16. Yvonne Becherini

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

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    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

17. M. Bendahman

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

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    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126, Italy

18. F. Benfenati

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

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    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy

    Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy

19. M. Benhassi

    University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126, Italy

    Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100, Italy

20. David M. Benoit

    University of Hull

    Affiliation as printed

    E.A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom

21. Z. Beňušová

    Czech Technical University in Prague · Comenius University Bratislava

    Affiliation as printed

    Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Mlynska dolina F1, Bratislava, 842 48, Slovak Republic

    Czech Technical University in Prague, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Husova 240/5, Prague, 110 00, Czech Republic

22. E. Berbee

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB, Netherlands

23. E. Berti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze

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    INFN, Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy

24. Vincent Bertin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

25. P. Betti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze

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    INFN, Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy

26. S. Biagi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, (LNS) Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123, Italy

27. M. Böttcher

    North-West University

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    North-West University, Centre for Space Research, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa

28. Danilo Luigi Bonanno

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, (LNS) Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123, Italy

29. M Bondi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

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    INFN, Sezione di Catania, (INFN-CT) Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95123, Italy

30. S. Bottai

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze

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    INFN, Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy

31. A. B. Bouasla

    Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University

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    Université Badji Mokhtar, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Physique des Rayonnements, B.P. 12, Annaba, 23000, Algeria

32. J. Boumaaza

    Mohammed V University

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    University Mohammed V in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000 Rabat, Morocco

33. M. Bouta

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

34. M.C. Bouwhuis

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB, Netherlands

35. C. Bozza

    University of Salerno · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126, Italy

    Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy

36. Horea Branzas

    National Institute for Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics · Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary

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    Institute of Space Science – INFLPR Subsidiary, 409 Atomistilor Street, Magurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania

37. F. Bretaudeau

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Nantes · Nantes Université

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    Subatech, IMT Atlantique, IN2P3-CNRS, Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler – La Chantrerie, Nantes, BP 20722 44307, France

38. Mischa Breuhaus

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

39. R. Bruijn

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Institute of Physics · Institute for High Energy Physics · University of Amsterdam

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    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB, Netherlands

    University of Amsterdam, Institute of Physics/IHEF, PO Box 94216, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, Netherlands

40. Jürgen Brunner

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

41. Riccardo Bruno

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

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    INFN, Sezione di Catania, (INFN-CT) Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95123, Italy

42. Ernst J. Buis

    Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB, Netherlands

    TNO, Technical Sciences, PO Box 155, Delft, 2600 AD, Netherlands

43. R. Buompane

    University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126, Italy

    Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100, Italy

44. I. Burriel

    Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

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    IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC – Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

45. J. Busto

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

46. B. Caiffi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova

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    INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, 16146, Italy

47. D. Calvo

    Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

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    IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC – Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

48. A. Capone

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

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    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio, G.Marconi, Roma, 00185, Italy

    Università La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185, Italy

49. F. Carenini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

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    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy

    Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy

50. V. Carretero

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Institute of Physics · Institute for High Energy Physics · University of Amsterdam

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    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB, Netherlands

    University of Amsterdam, Institute of Physics/IHEF, PO Box 94216, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, Netherlands

51. T. Cartraud

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

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    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

52. P. Castaldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

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    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy

    Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica e dell'Informazione “Guglielmo Marconi”, Via dell'Università 50, Cesena, 47521, Italy

53. V. Cecchini

    Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

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    IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC – Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

54. Silvia Celli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

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    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio, G.Marconi, Roma, 00185, Italy

    Università La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185, Italy

55. L. Cerisy

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

56. M. Chabab

    Cadi Ayyad University

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    Cadi Ayyad University, Physics Department, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Av. My Abdellah, P.O.B. 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco

57. Andrew W Chen

    University of the Witwatersrand

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    University of the Witwatersrand, School of Physics, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa

58. S. Cherubini

    University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, (LNS) Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123, Italy

    Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, (INFN-CT) Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95123, Italy

59. T. Chiarusi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

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    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy

60. W. Chung

    Princeton University

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    Princeton University, Department of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, U.S.A

61. M. Circella

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari

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    INFN, Sezione di Bari, via Orabona, 4, Bari, 70125, Italy

62. R Cocimano

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, (LNS) Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123, Italy

63. J. A. B. Coelho

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

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    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

64. A. Coleiro

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

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    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

65. Antonio Condorelli

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

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    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

66. R. Coniglione

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, (LNS) Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123, Italy

67. Paschal Coyle

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

68. A. Creusot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

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    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

69. G. Cuttone

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, (LNS) Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123, Italy

70. R. Dallier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Nantes · Nantes Université

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    Subatech, IMT Atlantique, IN2P3-CNRS, Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler – La Chantrerie, Nantes, BP 20722 44307, France

71. A. De Benedittis

    University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

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    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126, Italy

    Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100, Italy

72. G. de Wasseige

    UCLouvain

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    UCLouvain, Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology, Chemin du Cyclotron, 2, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium

73. Valentin Decoene

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Nantes · Nantes Université

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    Subatech, IMT Atlantique, IN2P3-CNRS, Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler – La Chantrerie, Nantes, BP 20722 44307, France

74. Paul Deguire

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

75. I. Del Rosso

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

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    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy

    Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy

76. L. S. Di Mauro

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, (LNS) Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123, Italy

77. I. Di Palma

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

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    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio, G.Marconi, Roma, 00185, Italy

    Università La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185, Italy

78. Antonio Francisco Díaz

    Universidad de Granada

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    University of Granada, Department of Computer Engineering, Automation and Robotics / CITIC, 18071 Granada, Spain

79. Didac Diego-Tortosa

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, (LNS) Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123, Italy

80. Carla Distefano

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, (LNS) Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123, Italy

81. Alba Domi

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

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    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

82. C. Donzaud

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

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    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

83. D. Dornic

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

84. E. Drakopoulou

    National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" · Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics

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    NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, 15310, Greece

85. D. Drouhin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Haute-Alsace · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Université de Strasbourg

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    Université de Haute Alsace, rue des Frères Lumière, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France

    Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

86. J.-G. Ducoin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

87. P.-A. Duverne

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

88. Rastislav Dvornický

    Comenius University Bratislava

    Affiliation as printed

    Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Mlynska dolina F1, Bratislava, 842 48, Slovak Republic

89. T. Eberl

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

90. Eliška Eckerová

    Czech Technical University in Prague · Comenius University Bratislava

    Affiliation as printed

    Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Mlynska dolina F1, Bratislava, 842 48, Slovak Republic

    Czech Technical University in Prague, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Husova 240/5, Prague, 110 00, Czech Republic

91. A. Eddymaoui

    Mohammed V University

    Affiliation as printed

    University Mohammed V in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000 Rabat, Morocco

92. T van Eeden

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB, Netherlands

93. Maximilian Eff

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

94. Daan van Eijk

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB, Netherlands

95. I. El Bojaddaini

    Mohamed I University

    Affiliation as printed

    University Mohammed I, Faculty of Sciences, BV Mohammed VI, B.P. 717, R.P. 60000 Oujda, Morocco

96. S. El Hedri

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

97. Sharif El Mentawi

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France