Variational quantum generative modeling by sampling expectation values of tunable observables

npj Quantum Information, vol. 11, pp. 178

Abstract

Expectation Value Samplers (EVSs) are quantum generative models that can learn high-dimensional continuous distributions by measuring the expectation values of parameterized quantum circuits. However, these models can demand impractical quantum resources for good performance. We investigate how observable choices affect EVS performance and propose an Observable-Tunable Expectation Value Sampler (OT-EVS), which achieves greater expressivity than standard EVS. By restricting the selectable observables, it is possible to use the classical shadows measurement scheme to reduce the sample complexity of our algorithm. In addition, we propose an adversarial training method adapted to the needs of OT-EVS. This training prioritizes classical updates of observables, minimizing the more costly updates of quantum circuit parameters. Numerical experiments, using an original simulation technique for correlated shot noise, confirm our model's expressivity and sample efficiency advantages compared to previous designs. We envision our proposal to encourage the exploration of continuous generative models running with few quantum resources.

Authors 5

1. Andrii Kurkin Aachen 〈aQaL〉 Applied Quantum Algorithms

   Leiden University · BMW (Germany) · BMW Group (Germany)

   Affiliation as printed

   BMW Group, München, Germany

   LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

   aQaL Applied Quantum Algorithms, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

2. Adrián Pérez-Salinas Aachen Instituut-Lorentz 〈aQaL〉 Applied Quantum Algorithms

   Leiden University

   Affiliation as printed

   Instituut-Lorentz, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

   aQaL Applied Quantum Algorithms, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

3. Elvira Shishenina

   BMW (Germany) · BMW Group (Germany)

   Affiliation as printed

   BMW Group, München, Germany

   Present Address: Quantinuum, München, Germany

4. Vedran Dunjko Aachen 〈aQaL〉 Applied Quantum Algorithms

   Leiden University

   Affiliation as printed

   LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

   aQaL Applied Quantum Algorithms, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

5. Hao Wang corresponding Aachen 〈aQaL〉 Applied Quantum Algorithms

   Leiden University

   Affiliation as printed

   LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

   aQaL Applied Quantum Algorithms, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands