Measuring the semantic priming effect across many languages
Nature Human Behaviour, vol. 10, pp. 182–201
Abstract
Semantic priming has been studied for nearly 50 years across various experimental manipulations and theoretical frameworks. Although previous studies provide insight into the cognitive underpinnings of semantic representations, they have suffered from small sample sizes and a lack of linguistic and cultural diversity. In this Registered Report, we measured the size and the variability of the semantic priming effect across 19 languages (n = 25,163 participants analysed) by creating the largest available database of semantic priming values using an adaptive sampling procedure. We found evidence for semantic priming in terms of differences in response latencies between related word-pair conditions and unrelated word-pair conditions. Model comparisons showed that the inclusion of a random intercept for language improved model fit, providing support for variability in semantic priming across languages. This study highlights the robustness and variability of semantic priming across languages and provides a rich, linguistically diverse dataset for further analysis. The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 15 July 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://osf.io/u5bp6 (registration) or https://osf.io/q4fjy (preprint version 6, 31 May 2022).
Authors 98
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Erin Michelle Buchanan corresponding
Harrisburg University of Science and Technology
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Analytics, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, USA. ebuchanan@harrisburgu.edu
Analytics, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, USA
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Independent researcher, Alma, MI, USA
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Methodology and Statistics Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Department of Psychology, Christ University, Bangalore, India
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University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Methodology and Statistics Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Psychology, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, USA
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Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Iscte – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa · Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social
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Department of Psychology, CIS-Iscte, University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Laboratoire Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie · Université de Toulouse
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CLLE, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Institute of Psychology, Social Psychology Laboratory, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
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Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu
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Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia
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Department of Neuroscience, Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Université Paris Cité · Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale
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Social Psychology Laboratory, Paris Cité University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Universidad de Buenos Aires · University of Palermo
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Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Government College University, Lahore
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Department of Psychology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Department of Linguistics, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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University of Leicester · University of Birmingham
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Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Department of Basic Psychology and ERI-Lectura, University of València, València, Spain
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Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
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Instituto de Psicologia, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Universidade Federal de Sergipe
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Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Universidad Torcuato Di Tella · Universidad de Buenos Aires
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Institute of Linguistics, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
School of Government, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management
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FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany
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Harrisburg University of Science and Technology
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Computer and Information Sciences, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, USA
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Slovak Academy of Sciences · Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
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Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Slovak Academy of Sciences · Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences · Institute of Experimental Psychology of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
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Institute of Experimental Psychology, Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · University of Palermo
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Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Unaffiliated researcher, London, UK
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Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas (IFIKK), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Université Savoie Mont Blanc · Université Grenoble Alpes
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LIP/PC2S, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
LIP/PC2S, University of Savoy Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
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Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University · Ege University
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Department of Psychology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Department of Psychology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
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Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
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Department of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Psychology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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Department of Social and Work Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Department of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Illinois Institute of Technology
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Department of Applied Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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California State University, East Bay
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Psychology Department, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
Psychology Department, California State University—East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
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Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
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Department of Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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School of Communication and Culture, Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Catholic University of the Maule
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Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
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Department of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
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Department of Primary Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Department of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology · UiT The Arctic University of Norway
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Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Center for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg
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Department of Psychology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
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Centre for Cognitive Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Department of Psychology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Babeș-Bolyai University · Academia Romana Filiala Cluj-Napoca · Romanian Academy
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Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Department of Social and Human Research, Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Universidad Torcuato Di Tella · Universidad de Buenos Aires
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CONICET, Institute of Interdisciplinary and Applied Physics (INFINA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
School of Business, Neuroscience Lab, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Université du Québec à Montréal
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Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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TrygFonden's Centre for Child Research, School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Associative Research Program in Cognitive Sciences, Research Center in Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
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ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Chinese University of Hong Kong
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Department of Linguistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Manchester Metropolitan University
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Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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King's Business School, King's College London, London, UK
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Slovak Academy of Sciences · Charles University · Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences · University of Jyväskylä
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Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Institute of Social Sciences CSPS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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Favaloro University · Universidad Torcuato Di Tella
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School of Government, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
School of Government, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Eötvös Loránd University · University of Pecs
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Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University
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College of Languages and Translation, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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National Research University Higher School of Economics
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Laboratory for Psychology of Social Inequality, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA
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Nebrija Research Center in Cognition (CINC), Antonio de Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain
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Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
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Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike
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Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria
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Norwegian Institute of Public Health · Lovisenberg Diakonale Sykehus
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Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
PsychGen Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Department of Sport, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Department of Food, Pharma, and Healthcare, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Australian Catholic University
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School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
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Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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