Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 711, pp. A22
Abstract
Our understanding of cosmic star formation at z > 3 used to largely rely on rest-frame UV observations. However, these observations overlook dusty and massive sources, resulting in an incomplete census of early star-forming galaxies. Recent infrared data from Spitzer and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed a hidden population at z ∼ 3 − 6 with extreme red colours. Taking advantage of the overlap between imaging of the Euclid Deep Fields (EDFs), covering about 60 deg 2 , and ancillary Spitzer observations, we identified 27 000 extremely red objects with H E − IRAC2 > 2.25 (dubbed HIEROs) down to a 10 σ completeness magnitude limit of IRAC2 = 22.5 AB. After a visual investigation to discard artefacts and any objects with troubling photometry, we were left with a final sample of 3900 candidates. We retrieved the physical parameter estimates for these objects from the spectral energy distribution-fitting tool CIGALE . Our results confirm that HIERO galaxies can populate the high-mass end of the stellar mass function at z > 3, with some sources reaching extreme stellar masses ( M * > 10 11 M ⊙ ) and exhibiting high dust attenuation values ( A V > 3). However, we consider the stellar mass estimates unreliable for sources at z > 3.5. For this reason, we favour a more conservative lower- z solution. The challenges faced by spectral energy distribution-fitting tools in accurately characterising these objects underscore the need for further studies that incorporate both observations at shorter wavelengths and spectroscopic data. Euclid spectra will help resolve degeneracies and better constrain the physical properties of the brightest galaxies. Given the extreme nature of this population, characterising these sources is crucial for building a comprehensive picture of galaxy evolution and stellar mass assembly across most of the history of the Universe. This work demonstrates Euclid ’s potential to provide statistical samples of rare objects, such as massive, dust-obscured galaxies at z > 3, which will be prime targets for JWST and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).
Authors 93
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University of Padua · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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University of Padua · University of Lancashire · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physical Sciences, The Open University
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University of Padua · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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Affiliation as printed
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen
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University of Padua · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
Affiliation as printed
ESAC/ESA
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Affiliation as printed
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey
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Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM
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Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
INFN-Sezione di Genova
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Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · University of Naples Federico II · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
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Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto
Affiliation as printed
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
INFN-Sezione di Torino
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Leiden University · European Space Agency · Leiden Observatory · European Space Research and Technology Centre
Affiliation as printed
European Space Agency/ESTEC
Institute Lorentz, Leiden University
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-IASF Milano
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Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)
Port d’Informació Científica
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University
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Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
INFN section of Naples
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University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii
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Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh
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Affiliation as printed
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute
Affiliation as printed
ESAC/ESA
European Space Agency/ESRIN
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona
Affiliation as printed
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon
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Affiliation as printed
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London
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University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva
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Affiliation as printed
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
Affiliation as printed
ESAC/ESA
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
Affiliation as printed
INFN-Padova
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Affiliation as printed
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Bologna
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
Affiliation as printed
ESAC/ESA
FRACTAL S.L.N.E
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
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Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics · National Research Council Canada
Affiliation as printed
NRC Herzberg
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Lancaster University
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Affiliation as printed
Felix Hormuth Engineering
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Technical University of Denmark
Affiliation as printed
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
Technical University of Denmark
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université
Affiliation as printed
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
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Affiliation as printed
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Affiliation as printed
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Affiliation as printed
Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics
Helsinki Institute of Physics
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Affiliation as printed
Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d'Étude de l'Univers et des Phénomènes Extrêmes
Affiliation as printed
Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université
Affiliation as printed
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM
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Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics
Helsinki Institute of Physics
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