Stratified wind from a super-Eddington X-ray binary is slower than expected

Nature, vol. 646, pp. 57–61

Abstract

Abstract Accretion disks in strong gravity ubiquitously produce winds, seen as blueshifted absorption lines in the X-ray band of both stellar mass X-ray binaries (black holes and neutron stars) 1–4 and supermassive black holes 5 . Some of the most powerful winds (termed Eddington winds) are expected to arise from systems in which radiation pressure is sufficient to unbind material from the inner disk ( L ≳ L Edd ). These winds should be extremely fast and carry a large amount of kinetic power, which, when associated with supermassive black holes, would make them a prime contender for the feedback mechanism linking the growth of those black holes with their host galaxies 6 . Here we show the XRISM Resolve spectrum of the galactic neutron star X-ray binary, GX 13+1, which reveals one of the densest winds ever seen in absorption lines. This Compton-thick wind significantly attenuates the flux, making it appear faint, although it is intrinsically more luminous than usual ( L ≳ L Edd ). However, the wind is extremely slow, more consistent with the predictions of thermal-radiative winds launched by X-ray irradiation of the outer disk than with the expected Eddington wind driven by radiation pressure from the inner disk. This puts new constraints on the origin of winds from bright accretion flows in binaries, but also highlights the very different origin required for the ultrafast ( v ~ 0.3 c ) winds seen in recent Resolve observations of a supermassive black hole at a similarly high Eddington ratio 7 .

Authors 100

1. M. Audard

   University of Geneva

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland

2. Hisamitsu Awaki

   Ehime University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan

3. Ralf Ballhausen

   Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, College Park

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

   Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

   NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

4. Aya Bamba

   The University of Tokyo

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

5. Ehud Behar

   Technion – Israel Institute of Technology · Massachusetts Institute of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics, Technion, Technion City, Haifa, Israel

   Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

6. Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin

   Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, Baltimore County

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

   Center for Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA

   NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

7. Laura W. Brenneman

   Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Astrophysics | Harvard-Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA

8. Gregory V. Brown

   Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

   Affiliation as printed

   Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA

9. Lía Corrales

   University of Michigan

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

10. E. Costantini Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands

    Affiliation as printed

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The Netherlands

11. Renata Cumbee

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

12. María Díaz Trigo

    European Southern Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    ESO, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany

13. Chris Done corresponding

    Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe · Durham University · The University of Tokyo

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, UK

    Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

14. Tadayasu Dotani

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

15. Ken Ebisawa

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

16. Megan E. Eckart

    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA

17. D. Eckert

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland

18. Teruaki Enoto

    Kyoto University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

19. S. Eguchi

    Kumamoto Gakuen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Economics, Kumamoto Gakuen University, Kumamoto, Japan

20. Yuichiro Ezoe

    Tokyo Metropolitan University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

21. Adam R. Foster

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

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    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard-Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA

22. Ryuichi Fujimoto

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

23. Yutaka Fujita

    Tokyo Metropolitan University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

24. Yasushi Fukazawa

    Hiroshima University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

25. Kotaro Fukushima

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

26. Akihiro Furuzawa

    Fujita Health University

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    Department of Physics, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan

27. Luigi Gallo

    Saint Mary's University

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    Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary’s University, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary's University, Nova Scotia, Canada

28. Javier A. García

    California Institute of Technology · Goddard Space Flight Center

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    Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

29. Liyi Gu Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands

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    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The Netherlands

30. M. Guainazzi

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

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    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands

31. Kouichi Hagino

    The University of Tokyo

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    Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

32. Kenji Hamaguchi

    Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, Baltimore County

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    Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Center for Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

33. Isamu Hatsukade

    University of Miyazaki

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    Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

34. Katsuhiro Hayashi

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

35. Takayuki Hayashi

    Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, Baltimore County

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    Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Center for Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

36. Natalie Hell

    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA

37. Edmund J. Hodges-Kluck

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

38. Ann E. Hornschemeier

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

39. Yuto Ichinohe

    RIKEN Nishina Center

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    RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan

40. M. Ishida

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

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    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

41. Kumi Ishikawa

    Tokyo Metropolitan University

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    Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

42. Yoshitaka Ishisaki

    Tokyo Metropolitan University

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    Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

43. Jelle S. Kaastra Aachen Leiden Observatory SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

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    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The Netherlands

44. T. R. Kallman

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

45. Erin Kara

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

46. Satoru Katsuda

    Saitama University

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    Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan

47. Yoshiaki Kanemaru

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

48. Richard L. Kelley

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

49. Caroline Anne Kilbourne

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

50. Shunji Kitamoto

    Rikkyo University

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    Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan

51. Shōgo Kobayashi

    Tokyo University of Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan

52. Takayoshi Kohmura

    Tokyo University of Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan

53. Aya Kubota

    Shibaura Institute of Technology

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    Department of Electronic Information Systems, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan

54. Maurice A. Leutenegger

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

55. Michael Loewenstein

    Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

56. Yoshitomo Maeda

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

57. Maxim L. Markevitch

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

58. Hironori Matsumoto

    The University of Osaka

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    Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

59. Kyoko Matsushita

    Tokyo University of Science

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    Faculty of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan

60. D. McCammon

    University of Wisconsin–Madison

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    Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

61. Brian R. McNamara

    University of Waterloo

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

62. François Mernier

    Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, College Park

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    Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

63. Eric D. Miller

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

64. Jon M. Miller

    University of Michigan

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    Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

65. Ikuyuki Mitsuishi

    Nagoya University

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    Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan

66. Misaki Mizumoto corresponding

    University of Teacher Education Fukuoka

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    Science Research Education Unit, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan

67. Tsunefumi Mizuno

    Hiroshima University

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    Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

68. Koji Mori

    University of Miyazaki

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    Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

69. K. Mukai

    Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, Baltimore County

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Center for Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

70. Hiroshi Murakami

    Tohoku Gakuin University

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    Department of Data Science, Tohoku Gakuin University, Miyagi, Japan

71. R. F. Mushotzky

    University of Maryland, College Park

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    Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

72. Hiroshi Nakajima

    Kanto Gakuin University

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    College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan

73. Kazuhiro Nakazawa

    Nagoya University

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    Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan

74. Jan‐Uwe Ness

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    European Space Agency(ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain

75. Kumiko Kawabata Nobukawa

    Kindai University

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    Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, KINDAI University, Osaka, Japan

76. Masayoshi Nobukawa

    Nara University of Education

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    Department of Teacher Training and School Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, Japan

77. Hirofumi Noda

    Tohoku University

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    Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan

78. Hirokazu Odaka

    The University of Osaka

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    Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

79. Shoji Ogawa

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

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    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

80. Anna Ogorzałek

    Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

81. Takashi Okajima

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

82. Naomi Ota

    Nara Women's University

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    Department of Physics, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan

    Department of Physics, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan

83. S. Paltani

    University of Geneva

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    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland

84. Robert B. Petre

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

85. Paul P. Plucinsky

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

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    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard-Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA

86. Frederick Scott Porter

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

87. K. Pottschmidt

    Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, Baltimore County

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    Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Center for Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA

    NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

88. Kosuke Sato

    Saitama University

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    Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan

89. Toshiki Sato

    Meiji University

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    School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan

90. Makoto Sawada

    Rikkyo University

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    Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan

91. Hiromi Seta

    Tokyo Metropolitan University

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    Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

92. M. Shidatsu

    Ehime University

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    Department of Physics, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan

93. A. Simionescu Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands

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    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The Netherlands

94. Randall K. Smith

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

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    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard-Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA

95. Hiromasa Suzuki

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency · Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

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    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan

96. Andrew E. Szymkowiak

    Yale University

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    Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yale University, USA

97. Hiromitsu TAKAHASHI

    Hiroshima University

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    Department of Physics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

98. Mai Takeo

    Saitama University

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    Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan

99. Toru Tamagawa

    RIKEN Nishina Center

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    RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan

100. Keisuke Tamura

     Goddard Space Flight Center · University of Maryland, Baltimore County

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     Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA

     Center for Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA

     NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA