Measuring patient satisfaction with education using extended reality in orthognathic surgery: Development, validation, and reliability of the 3D orthognathic surgery questionnaire (3DOS-Q)

PEC Innovation, vol. 7, pp. 100429

Abstract

Objectives The effectiveness of extended reality technologies in improving patient understanding and satisfaction, particularly in orthognathic surgery, remains underexplored. No existing questionnaire specifically assesses patient satisfaction with different 3D model display techniques in this context. Therefore, this research aimed at developing and validating a questionnaire to assess patient satisfaction with preoperative education using 3D models for orthognathic surgery. Methods Building on a previous questionnaire for trauma patients, an initial questionnaire was developed and adapted for orthognathic surgery patients based on literature and pretesting with patients and specialists (Phase I). The preliminary questionnaire underwent a field psychometric performance test in a randomized controlled trial at three centers specialized in orthognathic surgery (Phase II). Results Nine patients and six specialists were included (Phase I), which resulted to a preliminary questionnaire consisting of twelve items. A total of 65 patients completed the preliminary questionnaire (Phase II). The final eleven items demonstrated strong psychometric properties, measuring a single distinct factor 4.99, Cronbach's alpha value of 0.87, for the German (α = 0.849) and Dutch (α = 0.836) versions. A Feldt test revealed no significant difference in internal consistency between the two languages ( p = 0.401). The items together statistically significantly predicted patient satisfaction ( p < 0.001). Conclusion The final questionnaire has a good validity, total explained variance at 45.5 %. Innovation The 3DOS-Q demonstrates significant potential as a tool for evaluating patient satisfaction with 3D models, suitable for extended reality technologies, improving patient care, and exploring satisfaction differences across patient groups and display techniques.

Authors 12

1. Sander J.C. Tabernée Heijtmeijer corresponding

   University Medical Center Groningen · University of Groningen

   Affiliation as printed

   3D Lab, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

2. Noa Nicolai

   University Medical Center Utrecht

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

3. Nard G. Janssen

   University Medical Center Utrecht

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

4. Joël Kortes

   University Medical Center Utrecht

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

5. Rick J J Pinkster

   University Medical Center Groningen

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Traumasurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

6. Behrus Puladi Aachen Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Institute of Medical Informatics

   Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

   Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hopsital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

7. Ashkan Rashad Aachen Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

   Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

8. Oliver Vladu Aachen Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

   Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

9. Peter A. J. Pijpker

   University Medical Center Groningen · University of Groningen

   Affiliation as printed

   3D Lab, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

10. Max J. H. Witjes

    University Medical Center Groningen · University of Groningen

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

11. Sarina E.C. Pichardo

    University Medical Center Groningen · University of Groningen

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

12. Joep Kraeima

    University Medical Center Groningen · University of Groningen

    Affiliation as printed

    3D Lab, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands