Advancing CNS tumor diagnostics with expanded DNA methylation-based classification
Abstract
Abstract DNA methylation-based classification is integral to contemporary neuro-oncological diagnostics, as highlighted by the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. We introduce the Heidelberg CNS Tumor Methylation Classifier version 12.8 (v12.8), trained using 7,495 methylation profiles, thereby expanding recognized tumor types from 91 classes in the previously published v11 1 to 184 subclasses in v12.8. This expansion was primarily driven by novel tumor types discovered in our large website-derived repository and through global collaborations, further elucidating the heterogeneity of CNS tumors. Utilizing a random forest-based methodology, the classifier was rigorously validated through five-fold nested cross-validation, achieving a 95% subclass-level accuracy and a Brier score of 0.028, indicative of well-calibrated probability estimates. The hierarchical output structure facilitates comprehensive interpretation, allowing clinicians to assess subclass and aggregate class-level probabilities for informed decision-making. Comparative analyses demonstrate that v12.8 surpasses previous versions as well as traditional WHO-based diagnostics across diverse tumor cohorts. These advancements underscore the enhanced precision and practical utility of the updated Heidelberg CNS Tumor Methylation Classifier, reinforcing the pivotal role of DNA methylation profiling in personalized neuro-oncological care.
Authors 98
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Martin Sill corresponding
German Cancer Research Center · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany;
Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Heidelberg · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK),;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg
Affiliation as printed
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Division of Pediatric Neurooncology , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Heidelberg , Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Goethe University Frankfurt · German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Frankfurt · Frankfurt Cancer Institute · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
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Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt C;
Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
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Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
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Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Universität Hamburg · University Hospital Regensburg · University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf · University Cancer Center Hamburg
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Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany; Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;
Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Goethe University Frankfurt · University Hospital Frankfurt
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Translational Neuro-Oncology Group, Dr. Senckenbergisches Institute for Neurooncology and Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark;
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German Cancer Research Center · Institut für Neuropathologie · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a partnership between DKFZ and University/University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Neuropathology and P;
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Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a partnership between DKFZ and University/University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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National Cancer Institute · Center for Cancer Research
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Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA;
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA;
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German Cancer Research Center · Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin · Freie Universität Berlin · Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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University of Basel · University Hospital of Basel
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Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland;
Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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University of Basel · University Hospital of Basel
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Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland;
Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany;
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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University Health Network · University of Toronto · Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
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Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden;
Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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NYU Langone Health · New York University
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Department of Pathology NYU Langone Health and NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA;
Department of Pathology NYU Langone Health and NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
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Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Canc;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Heidelberg · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
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Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ped;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Inserm · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Centre de Bio-Informatique · École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris · Institut Curie
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Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Inserm, U900, Paris, France; MINES ParisTech, CBIO, Centre for Computational Biology, PSL Research University, 75006, Paris, France;
Inserm, U900, Paris, France
Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
MINES ParisTech, CBIO, Centre for Computational Biology, PSL Research University, 75006, Paris, France
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany;
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Heidelberg · National Center for Tumor Diseases · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg
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Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ an;
Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
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Omics IT and Data Management Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany;
Omics IT and Data Management Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Pathology, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Germany;
Institute of Pathology, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Germany
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University of Bonn · University Hospital Bonn
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Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany;
Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany;
Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Neuropathology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany;
Institute of Neuropathology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin · Freie Universität Berlin · Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (D;
Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Division of Neuro Oncology, Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA;
Division of Neuro Oncology, Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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University Children's Hospital Zurich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland;
Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Affiliation as printed
Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Universita Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy;
Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany;
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany;
Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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The Kids Research Institute Australia · The University of Western Australia · Princess Margaret Hospital for Children · Perth Children's Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Insti;
Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Clinical Pathology, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Neubrandenburg, Germany;
Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Clinical Pathology, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Neubrandenburg, Germany
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Women's and Children's Hospital · South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute · The University of Adelaide
Affiliation as printed
Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women's and Children's Hospital; South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute; South Australia Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia;
Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women's and Children's Hospital
South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute
South Australia Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin · Freie Universität Berlin · Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Department of Neuropathology, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany;
Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
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Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin · Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Charite-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet Berlin, German HIT-LOGGIC-Registry for Children and Adolescents with Low-Grade Glioma, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin, Ge;
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, German HIT-LOGGIC-Registry for Children and Adolescents with Low-Grade Glioma, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin, Germany
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Aarhus University Hospital · Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin · Freie Universität Berlin · Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charite -Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent;
Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Affiliation as printed
Pediatric Neurosurgery, Charite-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany;
Pediatric Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Augsburg · Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Corporate Member of Freie
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Swabian Children's Cancer Center, University Medical Center Augsburg and Bavarian Cancer Research Center / KIONET Bavaria
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Universitätsmedizin Göttingen · University of Göttingen
Affiliation as printed
Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany;
Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf · Kinderkrebs-Zentrum Hamburg
Affiliation as printed
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany;
Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Tübingen · University Children's Hospital Tübingen · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany;
Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany;
Department of Neurosurgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Essen University Hospital · University of Duisburg-Essen
Affiliation as printed
Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany;
Institute of Human Genetics, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA;
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
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Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre · McGill University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada;
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Heidelberg · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg
Affiliation as printed
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Ho;
Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), Sutton, Surrey, UK;
Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA;
Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany;
Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department for Pathology, Katharinenhospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany;
Department for Pathology, Katharinenhospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;
Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Pathologisches Institut · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany;
Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;
Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Heidelberg · National Center for Tumor Diseases · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany;
Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
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Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Erasmus MC Cancer Institute
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany;
Department of Neuropathology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg · Jena University Hospital · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ped;
Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Central Germany (CCCG), Jena, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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University of Luxembourg · Luxembourg Institute of Health · Laboratoire National de Santé · Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine
Affiliation as printed
Luxembourg National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Sante (LNS); Department of Cancer Research (DOCR), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH); Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), F;
Department of Cancer Research (DOCR), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)
Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM) and Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Luxembourg National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS)
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany;
Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Germany;
Department of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Germany
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf · University Cancer Center Hamburg
Affiliation as printed
Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;
Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA;
Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Heidelberg · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunol;
Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany;
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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University of California, San Francisco
Affiliation as printed
Departments of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA;
Departments of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg · Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology , Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Partner of the European Reference Network (ERN) EpiCARE , Erlangen , Germany
Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Partner of the European Reference Network (ERN) EpiCARE, Erlangen, Germany
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Goethe University Frankfurt · German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Frankfurt · Frankfurt Cancer Institute · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt C;
Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Heidelberg · National Center for Tumor Diseases · Helmholtz Institute Mainz · University Medical Centre Mannheim · Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German C;
Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON Mainz) - A Helmholtz Institute of the DKFZ, Mainz, Germany
National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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University of Bonn · University Hospital Bonn
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Neuropathology, DGNN Brain Tumor Reference Center, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany;
Institute of Neuropathology, DGNN Brain Tumor Reference Center, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.;
Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Düsseldorf University Hospital · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung · Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany;
Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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University of Copenhagen · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Medicine and Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology, The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark;
Department of Clinical Medicine and Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Pathology, The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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German Cancer Research Center · University Hospital Heidelberg · National Center for Tumor Diseases · Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg · Princess Máxima Center · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelb;
Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Broad Institute · Boston Children's Hospital · Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center · Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA;
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA;
Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;
Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne · GHU Paris psychiatrie & neurosciences
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropathology, GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France;
Department of Neuropathology, GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
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