Explaining Authoritative Control Interventions in Automated Driving to Support Driver Understanding, Trust, and Reliance
Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, vol. 113, pp. 194–212
Abstract
Future automated driving systems (ADS) may be given the ability to fully block or takeaway driver control authority; for example, in cases of immediate danger. During these interventions, drivers will rely on the environment and the human–machine interface to explain the system’s behavior and to regain situational awareness. To examine how information can be structured to explain an authoritative control intervention, N = 46 participants were exposed to three text message variations following interventions in two different driving scenarios in a simulator study. Text messages affected drivers’ objective and subjective responses to interventions. Including “ Why ” information about the reason for the automation’s behavior rather than “How” information about the control authority distribution increased understanding, trust, and appropriate reliance upon the automation. However, the evaluation of the automation’s behavior depended primarily on differences in the driving scenario, while text messages had only a minor influence. Driver gaze varied based on the driving scenario, with more glances to the HMI when driver control authority was taken away compared to when it was blocked. These findings have implications for human–machine interaction design, policy, and future research, highlighting the need for clear communication strategies during authoritative control interventions.
Authors 6
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Liza Dixon corresponding
Universität Ulm · Robert Bosch (Germany)
Affiliation as printed
Cross-Domain Computing Solutions, Advanced Engineering Projects, Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Allee 1, 74232 Abstatt, Germany
Human Factors, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Cross-Domain Computing Solutions, Advanced Engineering Projects, Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Allee 1, 74232 Abstatt, Germany
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Würzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences (Germany)
Affiliation as printed
WIVW Würzburger Institut für Verkehrswissenschaften GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Straße 4, 97209 Veitshöchheim, Germany
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Würzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences (Germany)
Affiliation as printed
WIVW Würzburger Institut für Verkehrswissenschaften GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Straße 4, 97209 Veitshöchheim, Germany
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Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE, Fraunhoferstraße 20, 53343 Wachtberg, Germany
IAW Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstraße 18, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Human Factors, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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