Developing a Systematic Approach for the Implementation of Medical Extended Reality Learning Modules in Cardiothoracic Health Care

JACC Advances, vol. 4, pp. 101633

Abstract

Extended reality (XR) modalities in health care are quickly evolving. There is a lack of systematically described developmental process and the "how to" execute a business-case guidance. This article formulates a systematic approach on the technical developmental steps and generation of business-case to guide the iterative development of an XR tool. An international expert group was established and several available frameworks related to entrepreneurship and business-case development were used to generate recommendations. Our ongoing experience with the development life cycle of an XR tool for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training is provided as a real-life case illustration. Market demand, value proposition, stakeholder analyses, and profitability scenarios are captured with a business model canvas. Developmental process is divided into 4 aspects: Desirability, Feasibility, Viability, and Scalability. Technical- and Investment Readiness Level models are used in defining the technical feasibility and the business viability and scalability, respectively. Best practice recommendations including examples are provided. Health care professionals, health care financers, and health care policymakers are urged to consider the provided systematic approach and recommendations prior to starting a venture with XR.

Authors 14

1. Edris A.F. Mahtab corresponding Aachen

   Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: e.a.f.mahtab@lumc.nl

2. Samuel A Max Aachen

   Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

3. Jerry Braun Aachen Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery

   Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands

4. Madelien Veronique Regeer Aachen Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre

   Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands

5. Bella Kaufman

   NYU Langone Health · New York University

   Affiliation as printed

   Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology & Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA

6. Joel Dunning

   James Cook University Hospital

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Thoracic Surgery, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom

7. Bhuvaneswari Krishnamoorthy

   Wythenshawe Hospital · University of Salford

   Affiliation as printed

   Directorate of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work Research, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Manchester Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom

8. Martin Andreas

   Medical University of Vienna

   Affiliation as printed

   Medical University of Vienna, Vianna, Austria

9. Rafael Rodríguez Lecoq

   Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca

   Affiliation as printed

   Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research, Barcelona, Spain

10. Milka Klinceva
    Affiliation as printed

    Zan Mitrev Clinic, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia

11. Rodney Alexander Rosalia

    Erasmus MC

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Healthcare Consulting, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia

12. Roberto Lorusso

    Maastricht University Medical Centre · Maastricht University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands

13. Nico Bruining

    Erasmus MC

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

14. Anastasia D. Egorova Aachen

    Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands