ALMAGAL
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 696, pp. A151
Abstract
The physical mechanisms behind the fragmentation of high-mass dense clumps into compact star-forming cores and the properties of these cores are fundamental topics that are heavily investigated in current astrophysical research. The ALMAGAL survey provides the opportunity to study this process at an unprecedented level of detail and statistical significance, featuring high-angular resolution 1.38 mm ALMA observations of 1013 massive dense clumps at various Galactic locations. These clumps cover a wide range of distances (~2–8 kpc), masses (~102–104 M⊙), surface densities (0.1–10 g cm−2), and evolutionary stages (luminosity over mass ratio indicator of ~0.05 < L/M < 450L⊙/M⊙). Here, we present the catalog of compact sources obtained with the CuTEx algorithm from continuum images of the full ALMAGAL clump sample combining ACA-7 m and 12 m ALMA arrays, reaching a uniform high median spatial resolution of ~1400 au (down to ~800 au). We characterize and discuss the revealed fragmentation properties and the photometric and estimated physical parameters of the core population. The ALMAGAL compact source catalog includes 6348 cores detected in 844 clumps (83% of the total), with a number of cores per clump between 1 and 49 (median of 5). The estimated core diameters are mostly within ~800–3000 au (median of 1700 au). We assigned core temperatures based on the L/M of the hosting clump, and obtained core masses from 0.002 to 345 M⊙ (complete above 0.23 M⊙), exhibiting a good correlation with the core radii (M ∝ R2.6). We evaluated the variation in the core mass function (CMF) with evolution as traced by the clump L/M, finding a clear, robust shift and change in slope among CMFs within subsamples at different stages. This finding suggests that the CMF shape is not constant throughout the star formation process, but rather it builds (and flattens) with evolution, with higher core masses reached at later stages. We found that all cores within a clump grow in mass on average with evolution, while a population of possibly newly formed lower-mass cores is present throughout. The number of cores increases with the core masses, at least until the most massive core reaches ~10M⊙. More generally, our results favor a clump-fed scenario for high-mass star formation, in which cores form as low-mass seeds, and then gain mass while further fragmentation occurs in the clump.
Authors 50
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · Sapienza University of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya
Affiliation as printed
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC), Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation as printed
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, 2152 Hillside Road, Unit 3046 Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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University of Cologne · University of Manchester
Affiliation as printed
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Oxford Road, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Universität Heidelberg, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Albert-Ueberle-Str. 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Data and Simulation Science, University of Cologne, Germany
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · Observatoire de Paris · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy
Laboratoire d’Études du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (LERMA), Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
Max-Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), Garching bei München, Germany
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University of Manchester · SKA Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Oxford Road, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK
UK ALMA Regional Centre Node M13 9PL, UK
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National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Affiliation as printed
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · CEA Paris-Saclay
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · East Asian Observatory · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku, Hilo, Hawaii, HI 96720, USA
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of ASMAB, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Affiliation as printed
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Affiliation as printed
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Isaac Newton Building, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
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Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre
Affiliation as printed
UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of ASMAB, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
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Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
Affiliation as printed
INAF - Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy
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University of Leeds · Cardiff University
Affiliation as printed
Cardiff Hub for Astrophysics Research & Technology, School of Physics & Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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National Institutes of Natural Sciences · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · Institute of Science Tokyo
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Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
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University of Groningen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, 9700, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747, AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · Academia Sinica · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of ASMAB, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · Academia Sinica · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of ASMAB, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of ASMAB, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of ASMAB, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna,
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Affiliation as printed
Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Avda Pedro de Valdivia 425, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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