Interfacing with the Brain: How Nanotechnology Can Contribute

ACS Nano, vol. 19, pp. 10630–10717

Abstract

Interfacing artificial devices with the human brain is the central goal of neurotechnology. Yet, our imaginations are often limited by currently available paradigms and technologies. Suggestions for brain-machine interfaces have changed over time, along with the available technology. Mechanical levers and cable winches were used to move parts of the brain during the mechanical age. Sophisticated electronic wiring and remote control have arisen during the electronic age, ultimately leading to plug-and-play computer interfaces. Nonetheless, our brains are so complex that these visions, until recently, largely remained unreachable dreams. The general problem, thus far, is that most of our technology is mechanically and/or electrically engineered, whereas the brain is a living, dynamic entity. As a result, these worlds are difficult to interface with one another. Nanotechnology, which encompasses engineered solid-state objects and integrated circuits, excels at small length scales of single to a few hundred nanometers and, thus, matches the sizes of biomolecules, biomolecular assemblies, and parts of cells. Consequently, we envision nanomaterials and nanotools as opportunities to interface with the brain in alternative ways. Here, we review the existing literature on the use of nanotechnology in brain-machine interfaces and look forward in discussing perspectives and limitations based on the authors' expertise across a range of complementary disciplines─from neuroscience, engineering, physics, and chemistry to biology and medicine, computer science and mathematics, and social science and jurisprudence. We focus on nanotechnology but also include information from related fields when useful and complementary.

Authors 92

1. Abdullah Ahmed Ali Ahmed

   Universität Hamburg · Thamar University

   Affiliation as printed

   Thamar University , , ,

   Universität Hamburg , , ,

   Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science

   Fachbereich Physik

   Thamar University

   Universität Hamburg

2. Núria Alegret

   Ikerbasque · Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute

   Affiliation as printed

   Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque , ,

   Biogipuzkoa HRI , Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n , ,

   Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque

   Biogipuzkoa HRI, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain

3. Bethany Almeida

   Clarkson University

   Affiliation as printed

   Clarkson University , , , ,

   Clarkson University

   Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

4. Ramón A. Álvarez‐Puebla

   Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Universitat Rovira i Virgili

   Affiliation as printed

   ICREA , ,

   Universitat Rovira i Virgili , ,

   ICREA

   Universitat Rovira i Virgili

5. Anne Milasincic Andrews

   University of California, Los Angeles

   Affiliation as printed

   University of California, Los Angeles , , , ,

   Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

   Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology

   Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program

   University of California, Los Angeles

6. Laura Ballerini

   Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati

   Affiliation as printed

   International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS) , , ,

   International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS)

   Neuroscience Area

7. Juan J. Barrios‐Capuchino

   Universität Hamburg

   Affiliation as printed

   Universität Hamburg , , ,

   Fachbereich Physik

   Universität Hamburg

8. Charline Becker

   Universität Hamburg

   Affiliation as printed

   Universität Hamburg , , ,

   Fachbereich Physik

   Universität Hamburg

9. Robert H. Blick

   Universität Hamburg

   Affiliation as printed

   Universität Hamburg , , ,

   Fachbereich Physik

   Universität Hamburg

10. Shahin Bonakdar

    Pasteur Institute of Iran · Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Pasteur Institute of Iran , , P.O. Box , ,

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    National Cell Bank Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran

    Universität Hamburg

11. Indranath Chakraborty

    Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur · Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , , ,

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

    School of Nano Science and Technology

    Universität Hamburg

12. Xiaodong Chen

    Nanyang Technological University

    Affiliation as printed

    Nanyang Technological University , , ,

    Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck − NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering

    Nanyang Technological University

13. Jinwoo Cheon

    Yonsei University · Institute for Basic Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Basic Science Center for Nanomedicine , Seodaemun-gu , ,

    Yonsei University , , Seodaemun-gu , ,

    Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea

    Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea

    Institute for Basic Science Center for Nanomedicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea

14. Gerwin Chilla

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

15. A.L.C. Conceição

    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY

    Affiliation as printed

    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , ,

    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY

16. James B. Delehanty

    United States Naval Research Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , , ,

    U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

17. Martin Dulle

    Forschungszentrum Jülich

    Affiliation as printed

    Forschungszentrum Jülich , , ,

    Forschungszentrum Jülich

    JCNS-1

18. Alexander L. Efros

    United States Naval Research Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , , ,

    U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

19. Matthias Epple

    University of Duisburg-Essen

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Duisburg-Essen , , ,

    Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)

    University of Duisburg-Essen

20. Mark Fedyk

    University of California, Davis

    Affiliation as printed

    UC Davis , , , ,

    Center for Neuroengineering and Medicine

    UC Davis

21. Neus Feliu

    Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP , , ,

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP

    Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN

22. Rafael Fernández‐Chacón

    Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases · Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla · Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío · Universidad de Sevilla

    Affiliation as printed

    Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla , , ,

    Universidad de Sevilla, CIBERNED, ISCIII , , ,

    Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina

    Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla

    Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)

    Universidad de Sevilla, CIBERNED, ISCIII

23. Irene Fernandez‐Cuesta

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

24. Niels Fertig

    Nanion (Germany)

    Affiliation as printed

    Nanion Technologies GmbH , ,

    Nanion Technologies GmbH

25. Stephan Förster

    Forschungszentrum Jülich

    Affiliation as printed

    Forschungszentrum Jülich , , ,

    Forschungszentrum Jülich

    JCNS-1

26. Jose Antonio Garrido

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia

    Affiliation as printed

    Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST , ,

    ICREA , ,

    Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST

    ICREA

27. Andreas H. Guse

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

    Affiliation as printed

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , , ,

    The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

28. Norbert Hampp

    Philipps University of Marburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Marburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Chemie

    Universität Marburg

29. Jann I. Harberts

    Universität Hamburg · Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication · Australian National Fabrication Facility · Monash University

    Affiliation as printed

    Monash University , , , ,

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility , , , ,

    Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences

    Fachbereich Physik

    Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication

    Monash University

    Universität Hamburg

    Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility

30. Jili Han

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

31. Hauke R. Heekeren

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , ,

    Executive University Board

    Universität Hamburg

32. Ulrich Hofmann

    University of Freiburg · University Medical Center Freiburg

    Affiliation as printed

    University Medical Center Freiburg , , ,

    University of Freiburg , , ,

    Faculty of Medicine

    Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department for Neurosurgery

    University Medical Center Freiburg

    University of Freiburg

33. Malte Holzapfel

    Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP , , ,

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP

    Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN

34. Hessam Hosseinkazemi

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

35. Yalan Huang

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

36. Patrick Huber

    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY · Hamburg University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , , ,

    Hamburg University of Technology , , ,

    Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS

    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY

    Hamburg University of Technology

    Institute for Materials and X-ray Physics

37. Taeghwan Hyeon

    Seoul National University · Institute for Basic Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , ,

    Seoul National University , , ,

    Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)

    School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes

    Seoul National University

38. Sven Ingebrandt Aachen

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    RWTH Aachen University , , ,

    Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1

    RWTH Aachen University

39. Marcello Ienca

    Technical University of Munich

    Affiliation as printed

    Technische Universität München (TUM) , , ,

    Institute for Ethics and History of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health

    Technische Universität München (TUM)

40. Armin Iske

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Mathematik

    Universität Hamburg

41. Yanan Kang

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

42. Gregor Kasieczka

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

43. Dae‐Hyeong Kim

    Seoul National University · Institute for Basic Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , ,

    Seoul National University , , ,

    Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)

    School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes

    Seoul National University

44. Kostas Kostarelos

    University of Manchester · Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia

    Affiliation as printed

    Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST , ,

    University of Manchester , , ,

    Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST

    Centre for Nanotechnology in Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health and The National Graphene Institute

    University of Manchester

45. Jae‐Hyun Lee

    Yonsei University · Institute for Basic Science

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Basic Science Center for Nanomedicine , Seodaemun-gu , ,

    Yonsei University , , Seodaemun-gu , ,

    Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea

    Institute for Basic Science Center for Nanomedicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea

46. Kai‐Wei Lin

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

47. Sijin Liu

    Chinese Academy of Sciences · Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology

    Affiliation as printed

    Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,

    University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,

    Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences

    State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology

    University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

48. Xin Liu

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

49. Yang Liu

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

50. Christian Lohr

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Biologie

    Universität Hamburg

51. Volker Mailänder

    Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz · University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz · Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , ,

    Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg, Universität Mainz , , ,

    Department of Dermatology, Center for Translational Nanomedicine

    Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55129 Mainz, Germany

    Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg, Universität Mainz

52. Laura Maffongelli

    University of Lübeck

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Lübeck , , ,

    Institute of Medical Psychology

    University of Lübeck

53. Saad Megahed

    Universität Hamburg · Al-Azhar University

    Affiliation as printed

    Al-Azhar University , , ,

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Al-Azhar University

    Fachbereich Physik

    Physics Department, Faculty of Science

    Universität Hamburg

54. Alf Mews

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Chemie

    Universität Hamburg

55. Marina Mutas

    Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP , , ,

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP

    Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN

56. Leroy Nack

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

57. Nako Nakatsuka

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

    Affiliation as printed

    Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , , ,

    Laboratory of Chemical Nanotechnology (CHEMINA)

    Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

58. Thomas G. Oertner

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

    Affiliation as printed

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , , ,

    Institute for Synaptic Neuroscience

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

59. Andreas Offenhäusser

    Forschungszentrum Jülich

    Affiliation as printed

    Forschungszentrum Jülich , , ,

    Forschungszentrum Jülich

    Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics

60. Martin Oheim

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris Cité , , ,

    CNRS, Saints Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences

    Université Paris Cité

61. Ben O. Otange

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

62. Ferdinand Otto

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

63. Enrico Patrono

    Czech Academy of Sciences · Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , ,

    Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences

64. Bo Peng

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

65. Alessandra Picchiotti

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

66. Filippo Pierini

    Institute of Fundamental Technological Research · Polish Academy of Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences , , ,

    Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter

    Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences

67. Monika Pötter‐Nerger

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

    Affiliation as printed

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , , ,

    Head and Neurocenter, Department of Neurology

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

68. Arnd Pralle

    University at Buffalo, State University of New York

    Affiliation as printed

    University at Buffalo , , , ,

    Department of Physics

    University at Buffalo

69. Maurizio Prato

    Ikerbasque · University of Trieste · CIC biomaGUNE

    Affiliation as printed

    Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque , ,

    Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) , , ,

    University of Trieste , , ,

    Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque

    Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)

    CIC biomaGUNE

    Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

    University of Trieste

70. Pedro Ramos‐Cabrer

    Ikerbasque · CIC biomaGUNE

    Affiliation as printed

    Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque , ,

    Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) , , ,

    Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque

    Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)

    CIC biomaGUNE

71. Ute Resch‐Genger

    Federal Institute For Materials Research and Testing

    Affiliation as printed

    Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , ,

    Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)

72. Norbert Ritter

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Executive Faculty Board, Faculty for Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences

    Universität Hamburg

73. Sathi Roy

    Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur · Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP , , ,

    Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , , ,

    Department of Mechanical Engineering

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP

    Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

    Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN

74. Francesca Santoro Aachen Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology

    Forschungszentrum Jülich · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, RWTH Aachen , ,

    Forschungszentrum Jülich , , ,

    Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, RWTH Aachen

    Forschungszentrum Jülich

    Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics

75. Nicolas W. Schuck

    Max Planck Society · Universität Hamburg · Max Planck Institute for Human Development · University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Human Development , , ,

    Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research , ,

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Institute of Psychology

    Max Planck Institute for Human Development

    Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode

    Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research

    Universität Hamburg

76. Florian Schulz

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

77. Erkin Şeker

    University of California, Davis

    Affiliation as printed

    University of California, Davis , , ,

    University of California, Davis

78. Marvin Skiba

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

79. Martin Sosniok

    Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP , , ,

    Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP

    Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN

80. Holger Stephan

    Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

    Affiliation as printed

    Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , , ,

    Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

    Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research

81. Ruixia Wang

    Universität Hamburg · Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY

    Affiliation as printed

    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , ,

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

82. Ting Wang

    Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications · The Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials

    Affiliation as printed

    Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , , ,

    Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications

    State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)

83. K. David Wegner

    Federal Institute For Materials Research and Testing

    Affiliation as printed

    Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , ,

    Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)

84. Paul S. Weiss

    California NanoSystems Institute · University of California, Los Angeles

    Affiliation as printed

    University of California, Los Angeles , , , ,

    California Nanosystems Institute

    Department of Bioengineering

    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

    University of California, Los Angeles

85. Ming Xu

    Chinese Academy of Sciences · Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology

    Affiliation as printed

    Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,

    University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,

    Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences

    State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology

    University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

86. Chenxi Yang

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

87. Seyed Shahrooz Zargarian

    Institute of Fundamental Technological Research · Polish Academy of Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences , , ,

    Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter

    Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences

88. Yuan Zeng

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

89. Yaofeng Zhou

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

90. Dingcheng Zhu

    Universität Hamburg · Hangzhou Normal University

    Affiliation as printed

    Hangzhou Normal University , , ,

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology

    Fachbereich Physik

    Hangzhou Normal University

    Universität Hamburg

91. Robert Zierold

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg

92. Wolfgang Johann Parak

    Universität Hamburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Hamburg , , ,

    Fachbereich Physik

    Universität Hamburg