Canopy functional trait variation across Earth’s tropical forests

Nature, vol. 641, pp. 129–136

Abstract

Abstract Tropical forest canopies are the biosphere’s most concentrated atmospheric interface for carbon, water and energy1,2. However, in most Earth System Models, the diverse and heterogeneous tropical forest biome is represented as a largely uniform ecosystem with either a singular or a small number of fixed canopy ecophysiological properties3. This situation arises, in part, from a lack of understanding about how and why the functional properties of tropical forest canopies vary geographically4. Here, by combining field-collected data from more than 1,800 vegetation plots and tree traits with satellite remote-sensing, terrain, climate and soil data, we predict variation across 13 morphological, structural and chemical functional traits of trees, and use this to compute and map the functional diversity of tropical forests. Our findings reveal that the tropical Americas, Africa and Asia tend to occupy different portions of the total functional trait space available across tropical forests. Tropical American forests are predicted to have 40% greater functional richness than tropical African and Asian forests. Meanwhile, African forests have the highest functional divergence—32% and 7% higher than that of tropical American and Asian forests, respectively. An uncertainty analysis highlights priority regions for further data collection, which would refine and improve these maps. Our predictions represent a ground-based and remotely enabled global analysis of how and why the functional traits of tropical forest canopies vary across space.

Authors 99

1. Jesús Aguirre‐Gutiérrez corresponding

   University of Oxford

   Affiliation as printed

   Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. jeaggu@gmail.com

   Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. jeaggu@gmail.com

2. Sami Walid Rifai

   The University of Adelaide

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

3. Xiongjie Deng

   University of Oxford

   Affiliation as printed

   Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

4. Hans ter Steege Aachen Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center · Utrecht University

   Affiliation as printed

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

   Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

5. Eleanor R. Thomson

   University of Oxford

   Affiliation as printed

   Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

6. José Javier Corral‐Rivas

   Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango

   Affiliation as printed

   Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico

7. Aretha Franklin Guimarães

   Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

   Affiliation as printed

   Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil

8. Sandra Cristina Müller

   Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

   Affiliation as printed

   Plant Ecology Lab, Ecology Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

9. Joice Klipel

   Leuphana University of Lüneburg · Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany

   Plant Ecology Lab, Ecology Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

10. Sophie Fauset

    University of Plymouth

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

11. Angélica Faria de Resende

    University of Stirling · Universidade de São Paulo

    Affiliation as printed

    Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK

    Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil

12. Göran Wallin

    University of Oxford · University of Gothenburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

13. Carlos Alfredo Joly

    Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

    Affiliation as printed

    Brazilian Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BPBES), Campinas, Brazil

    Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

14. Katharine A. Abernethy

    University of Stirling

    Affiliation as printed

    Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK

    Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon

15. Stephen Adu‐Bredu

    Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology · Forestry Research Institute of Ghana

    Affiliation as printed

    CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana

    Department of Natural Resources Management, CSIR College of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

16. Celice Alexandre Silva

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, Brazil

17. Edmar Almeida de Oliveira

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    PPG Ecology and Conservation, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil

18. Danilo Roberti Alves de Almeida

    Universidade de São Paulo

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil

19. Esteban Álvarez‐Dávila

    Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia

    Affiliation as printed

    Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y Ambientales - ECAPMA, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Bogota, Colombia

20. Gregory P. Asner

    Arizona State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

21. Timothy R. Baker

    University of Leeds

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

22. Maíra Benchimol

    Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservacão, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil

23. Lisa Patrick Bentley

    Sonoma State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA

24. Érika Berenguer

    University of Oxford · Lancaster University

    Affiliation as printed

    Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

25. Lilian Blanc

    Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Forests and Societies

    Affiliation as printed

    Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France

26. Damien Bonal

    AgroParisTech · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · Silva · Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières · Université de Lorraine

    Affiliation as printed

    INRAE, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, UMR Silva, Nancy, France

27. Kauane Maiara Bordin

    Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

28. Róbson Borges de Lima

    Universidade Estadual do Amapá

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Universidade do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil

29. Sabine Both

    University of New England

    Affiliation as printed

    Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia

30. Jaime Cabezas Duarte

    Universidad de Los Andes · Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis

    Affiliation as printed

    Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia

    Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

31. Domingos Cardoso

    Universidade Federal da Bahia · Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil

    Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

32. Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima

    Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

33. Larissa Cavalheiro

    Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil

34. Lucas A. Cernusak

    James Cook University

    Affiliation as printed

    College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia

35. Nayane Cristina Candida dos Santos Prestes

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    PPG Ecology and Conservation, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil

36. Antônio Carlos da Silva Zanzini

    Universidade Federal de Lavras

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil

37. Ricardo José da Silva

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, Brazil

38. Robson Dos Santos Alves da Silva

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, Brazil

39. Mariana de Andrade Iguatemy

    Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro · International Institute for Sustainability

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto Internacional para Sustentabilidade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

40. Tony César de Sousa Oliveira

    Forschungszentrum Jülich · Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Communication and Environment, Hochschule Rhein-Waal, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany

    Institute of Biogeosciences, IBG2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany

41. Benjamin Dechant

    German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research · Leipzig University

    Affiliation as printed

    German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

    Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

42. Géraldine Derroire

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · Forests and Societies · Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane

    Affiliation as printed

    Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana

    Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France

43. Kyle Graham Dexter

    Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh · University of Turin · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

    Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

44. Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues

    Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil

45. Mário Marcos do Espírito-Santo

    Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil

46. Letícia Fernandes da Silva

    Universidade Federal do Acre · Universidade Paulista

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil

    Universidade Paulista, Polo Rio Branco, Brazil

47. Tomas Ferreira Domingues

    Universidade de São Paulo

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

48. Joice Ferreira

    Embrapa Amazônia Oriental

    Affiliation as printed

    Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil

49. Marcelo Fragomeni Simon

    Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia

    Affiliation as printed

    Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil

50. Cécile A. J. Girardin

    University of Oxford

    Affiliation as printed

    Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

51. Bruno Hérault

    Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Forests and Societies

    Affiliation as printed

    Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France

52. Kathryn J. Jeffery

    University of Stirling

    Affiliation as printed

    Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK

53. Kalpuzha Ashtamoorthy Sreejith

    Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment · Kerala Forest Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Forest Ecology Department, KSCSTE-Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India

54. Arunkumar Kavidapadinjattathil Sivadasan

    Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment · Kerala Forest Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Forest Ecology Department, KSCSTE-Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India

55. Bente Bang Klitgaard

    Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Affiliation as printed

    Department for Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK

56. William Frederick Laurance

    James Cook University

    Affiliation as printed

    College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia

57. Maurício Lima Dan

    Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação Sul, Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Brazil

58. William Ernest Magnusson

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil

59. Eduardo Malta Campos‐Filho

    Instituto Sócioambiental

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto Socioambiental, São Paulo, Brazil

60. Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto

    Universidade Federal de Rondônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil

61. Marcos Silveira

    Universidade Federal do Acre

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil

62. Ben Hur Marimon-Junior

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LABEV), Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil

63. Roberta E. Martin

    Arizona State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

64. Daniel Luís Mascia Vieira

    Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia

    Affiliation as printed

    Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil

65. Thiago Metzker
    Affiliation as printed

    IBAM-Instituto Bem Ambiental, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Myr Projetos Sustentáveis, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

66. William Milliken

    Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Affiliation as printed

    Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK

67. Peter Watson Moonlight

    Trinity College Dublin

    Affiliation as printed

    Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

68. Marina Maria Moraes de Seixas

    Embrapa Amazônia Oriental

    Affiliation as printed

    Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil

69. Paulo S. Morandi

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil

70. Robert Muscarella

    Uppsala University

    Affiliation as printed

    Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

71. María Guadalupe Nava‐Miranda

    Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango · Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Affiliation as printed

    Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico

    Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, Lugo, España

72. Brigitte Nyirambangutse

    University of Rwanda

    Affiliation as printed

    Global Green Growth Institute, Rwanda Program, Kigali, Rwanda

    University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda

73. Jhonathan O. Silva

    Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco

    Affiliation as printed

    Colegiado de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Senhor do Bonfim, Brazil

74. Imma Oliveras Menor

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · University of Oxford · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France

    Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

75. Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues

    Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro · Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco

    Affiliation as printed

    Colegiado de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Senhor do Bonfim, Brazil

    Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

76. Cinthia Pereira de Oliveira

    Universidade Estadual do Amapá

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Universidade do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil

77. Lucas Pereira Zanzini

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Caceres, Brazil

78. Carlos A. Peres

    University of East Anglia

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

79. Vignesh Punjayil

    Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment · Kerala Forest Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Forest Ecology Department, KSCSTE-Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India

80. Carlos A. Quesada

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil

81. Maxime Réjou‐Méchain

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France

82. Terhi Riutta

    University of Exeter · University of Oxford

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

83. Gonzalo Francisco Rivas‐Torres

    Universidad San Francisco de Quito

    Affiliation as printed

    Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador

84. Clarissa Rosa

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil

85. Norma Salinas

    Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Nature Earth and Energy, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru

86. Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin

    University of Birmingham

    Affiliation as printed

    Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

87. Beatriz Schwantes Marimon

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LABEV), Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil

88. Alexander Frederick Shenkin

    Northern Arizona University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

89. Priscyla Maria Silva Rodrigues

    Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro · Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco

    Affiliation as printed

    Colegiado de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Senhor do Bonfim, Brazil

    Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

90. Axa Emanuelle Simões Figueiredo

    Universidade de Brasília

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil

91. Queila Souza Garcia

    Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

92. Tereza Cristina Souza Spósito
    Affiliation as printed

    IBAM-Instituto Bem Ambiental, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

93. Danielle Storck‐Tonon

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-graduação em Ambiente e Sistemas de Produção Agrícola, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, Brazil

94. Martin J. P. Sullivan

    Manchester Metropolitan University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

95. Martin Svátek

    Mendel University in Brno

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic

96. Wagner Tadeu Vieira Santiago

    Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar · University of Aveiro

    Affiliation as printed

    CESAM-Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia, Pesquisador Colaborador, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

97. Yit Arn Teh

    Newcastle University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

98. Prasad Theruvil Parambil Sivan

    Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment · Kerala Forest Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Forest Ecology Department, KSCSTE-Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India

99. Marcelo Trindade Nascimento

    State University of Norte Fluminense

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil