A

Search for the Anomalous Events Detected by ANITA Using the Pierre Auger Observatory

Physical Review Letters, vol. 134, pp. 121003

Abstract

A dedicated search for upward-going air showers at zenith angles exceeding 110° and energies E>0.1 EeV has been performed using the Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The search is motivated by two "anomalous" radio pulses observed by the ANITA flights I and III that appear inconsistent with the standard model of particle physics. Using simulations of both regular cosmic-ray showers and upward-going events, a selection procedure has been defined to separate potential upward-going candidate events and the corresponding exposure has been calculated in the energy range [0.1-33] EeV. One event has been found in the search period between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2018, consistent with an expected background of 0.27±0.12 events from misreconstructed cosmic-ray showers. This translates to an upper bound on the integral flux of (7.2±0.2)×10^{-21} cm^{-2} sr^{-1} y^{-1} and (3.6±0.2)×10^{-20} cm^{-2} sr^{-1} y^{-1} for an E^{-1} and E^{-2} spectrum, respectively. An upward-going flux of showers normalized to the ANITA observations is shown to predict over 34 events for an E^{-3} spectrum and over 8.1 events for a conservative E^{-5} spectrum, in strong disagreement with the interpretation of the anomalous events as upward-going showers.

Authors 96

  1. The University of Adelaide

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Adelaide

    University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

  2. University of Lisbon

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de Lisboa—UL

  3. National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF)

    INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy

  4. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Balseiro Institute · Bariloche Atomic Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET)

  5. Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN

    Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland

  6. National University of General San Martín · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · National Technological University · Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)

    Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires

  7. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · Gran Sasso Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Gran Sasso Science Institute

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

    Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy

  8. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

  9. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

  10. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università di Catania

    INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

  11. City University of New York · Lehman College

    Affiliation as printed

    City University of New York

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA

  12. National University of General San Martín · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)

  13. University of Lisbon

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de Lisboa—UL

  14. University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università di Milano

    INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy

  15. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

  16. RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    RWTH Aachen University

    RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany

  17. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università Torino

    INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy

  18. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

  19. University of Lisbon

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de Lisboa—UL

  20. Pierre Auger Observatory · Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica

  21. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · University of L'Aquila

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

    Università dell’Aquila

  22. FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

  23. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · Gran Sasso Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Gran Sasso Science Institute

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

    Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy

  24. Colorado School of Mines

    Affiliation as printed

    Colorado School of Mines

    Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA

  25. The University of Adelaide · Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa

    University of Adelaide

    Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru

    University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

  26. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Grenoble Alpes

    Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France

  27. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università Torino

    INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy

  28. Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN

    Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland

  29. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università Torino

    INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy

  30. RWTH Aachen University · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · National Institute for Astrophysics · Sorbonne Université · University of Milan · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Grenoble Alpes · University of Rome Tor Vergata · University of Wisconsin–Madison · University of Chicago · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National University of General San Martín · International Center for Advanced Studies · National Institute for Subatomic Physics · University of Amsterdam · University of Delaware · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie · Jožef Stefan Institute · Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México · Universität Hamburg · Universidad de Granada · Universidade de Santiago de Compostela · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · University of Palermo · Universidad de Buenos Aires · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata · University of Wuppertal · Radboud University Nijmegen · Politecnico di Milano · Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) · Charles University · Université Paris Cité · Université Libre de Bruxelles · Universidade de São Paulo · Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · The University of Adelaide · Vrije Universiteit Brussel · City University of New York · New York University · University of Naples Federico II · University of Lisbon · Michigan Technological University · LIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics · Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas · Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences · Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies · Palacký University Olomouc · Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro · University of L'Aquila · FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic · Case Western Reserve University · University of Siegen · Instituto Politécnico Nacional · Universidade Federal do ABC · Instituto Superior Técnico · National Technological University · Gran Sasso Science Institute · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · Balseiro Institute · Bariloche Atomic Centre · Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas · Lehman College · Pierre Auger Observatory · Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica · Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania · Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas · Instituto de Física La Plata · Universidad Nacional de La Plata · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · University of Salento · Institute of Astronomy and Space Physics · Universidade Federal Fluminense · Valongo Observatory · Instituto de Física de São Carlos · Colorado School of Mines · Universidade Federal do Paraná · Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo · Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa · Institute of Physics Rosario · Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro · University of Nova Gorica · University of Łódź · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy · Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary · Industrial University of Santander · Federal Center for Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca · Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana · Universidade Federal de Campina Grande · Institute of Scientific and Technical Research for Defense · Universidad de Medellín · Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica di Palermo · Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

    Affiliation as printed

    "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania

    Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México

    Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany

    CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France

    Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia

    Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina

    Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil

    Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic

    Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA

    Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA

    Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy

    IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina

    IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy

    Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

    Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania

    Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil

    Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina

    International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France

    Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina

    Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal

    Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA

    Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    New York University, New York, New York, USA

    Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina

    Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy

    Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy

    RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany

    Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

    Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Mexico City, México

    Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France

    Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México

    Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México

    Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico City, México

    Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru

    Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain

    Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia

    Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), IFGW, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil

    Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil

    Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil

    Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA

    University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland

    Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy

    Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy

    Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy

    Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy

    Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy

    Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy

    Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy

    Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy

    Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany

    Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany

    Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France

    Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

  31. Affiliation as printed

    Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R

  32. National University of General San Martín · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

  33. National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Radboud University Nijmegen

    Affiliation as printed

    Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF)

    Radboud University Nijmegen

    IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

  34. Université Paris-Saclay

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay

  35. FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

  36. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Grenoble Alpes

    Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France

  37. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

  38. FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

  39. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · University of L'Aquila

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

    Università dell’Aquila

  40. International Center for Advanced Studies · Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

    Affiliation as printed

    International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas

    Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

  41. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

    Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), IFGW, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

  42. Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN

    Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland

  43. RWTH Aachen University · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · National Institute for Astrophysics · Sorbonne Université · University of Milan · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Grenoble Alpes · University of Rome Tor Vergata · University of Wisconsin–Madison · University of Chicago · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National University of General San Martín · International Center for Advanced Studies · National Institute for Subatomic Physics · University of Amsterdam · University of Delaware · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie · Jožef Stefan Institute · Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México · Universität Hamburg · Universidad de Granada · Universidade de Santiago de Compostela · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · University of Palermo · Universidad de Buenos Aires · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata · University of Wuppertal · Radboud University Nijmegen · Politecnico di Milano · Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) · Charles University · Université Paris Cité · Université Libre de Bruxelles · Universidade de São Paulo · Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · The University of Adelaide · Vrije Universiteit Brussel · City University of New York · New York University · University of Naples Federico II · University of Lisbon · Michigan Technological University · LIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics · Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas · Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences · Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies · Palacký University Olomouc · Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro · University of L'Aquila · FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic · Case Western Reserve University · University of Siegen · Instituto Politécnico Nacional · Universidade Federal do ABC · Instituto Superior Técnico · National Technological University · Gran Sasso Science Institute · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · Balseiro Institute · Bariloche Atomic Centre · Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas · Lehman College · Pierre Auger Observatory · Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica · Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania · Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas · Instituto de Física La Plata · Universidad Nacional de La Plata · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · University of Salento · Institute of Astronomy and Space Physics · Universidade Federal Fluminense · Valongo Observatory · Instituto de Física de São Carlos · Colorado School of Mines · Universidade Federal do Paraná · Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo · Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa · Institute of Physics Rosario · Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro · University of Nova Gorica · University of Łódź · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy · Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary · Industrial University of Santander · Federal Center for Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca · Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana · Universidade Federal de Campina Grande · Institute of Scientific and Technical Research for Defense · Universidad de Medellín · Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica di Palermo · Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

    Affiliation as printed

    "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania

    Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México

    Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany

    CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France

    Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia

    Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina

    Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil

    Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic

    Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA

    Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA

    Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy

    IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina

    IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," Roma, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy

    Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

    Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania

    Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil

    Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina

    International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete-San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France

    Laboratorio Atmósfera-Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones-UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina

    Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, Portugal

    Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA

    Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    New York University, New York, New York, USA

    Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina

    Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy

    Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy

    RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany

    Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

    Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Mexico City, México

    Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France

    Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México

    Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México

    Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico City, México

    Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru

    Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain

    Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia

    Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), IFGW, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil

    Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil

    Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil

    Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA

    University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland

    Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy

    Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi," Lecce, Italy

    Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy

    Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana," Catania, Italy

    Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy

    Università di Napoli "Federico II," Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy

    Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "E. Segrè," Palermo, Italy

    Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy

    Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany

    Universität Siegen, Department Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany

    Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France

    Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

  44. National University of General San Martín · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)

  45. RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    RWTH Aachen University

    RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany

  46. Universidad de Granada

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidad de Granada

    Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain

  47. Vrije Universiteit Brussel

    Affiliation as printed

    Vrije Universiteit Brussels

    Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

  48. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Palermo · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università di Palermo

    INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

  49. National University of General San Martín · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

  50. National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Radboud University Nijmegen

    Affiliation as printed

    Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF)

    Radboud University Nijmegen

    IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

  51. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas

  52. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

  53. University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università di Milano

    INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy

  54. University of Wuppertal

    Affiliation as printed

    Bergische Universität Wuppertal

  55. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università di Catania

    INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

  56. National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF)

    INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy

  57. Universidade de São Paulo

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de São Paulo

  58. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy

  59. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

  60. Pierre Auger Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatorio Pierre Auger

  61. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · Gran Sasso Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Gran Sasso Science Institute

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

    Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy

  62. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

    Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), IFGW, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

  63. FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

  64. Palacký University Olomouc

    Affiliation as printed

    Palacky University

    Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

  65. The University of Adelaide

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Adelaide

    University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

  66. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · National Technological University

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA)

  67. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università di Napoli “Federico II

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

  68. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy

  69. University of Lisbon

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de Lisboa—UL

  70. Université Paris-Saclay

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay

  71. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · Politecnico di Milano

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali

    INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy

    Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy

  72. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · University of L'Aquila

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

    Università dell’Aquila

  73. Universidade Federal Fluminense

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Federal Fluminense

    Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

  74. University of Lisbon

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de Lisboa—UL

  75. Case Western Reserve University

    Affiliation as printed

    Case Western Reserve University

    Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

  76. University of Siegen

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Siegen

  77. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Instituto de Física La Plata · Universidad Nacional de La Plata

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET

    IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina

  78. Universidad de Buenos Aires · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Institute of Astronomy and Space Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA)

    Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET

  79. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

  80. The University of Adelaide

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Adelaide

    University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

  81. Universidade Federal Fluminense

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Federal Fluminense

    Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

  82. National University of General San Martín · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

  83. National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Radboud University Nijmegen

    Affiliation as printed

    Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF)

    Radboud University Nijmegen

    IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

  84. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · Gran Sasso Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Gran Sasso Science Institute

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

    Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy

  85. Affiliation as printed

    Instituto Federal de Educação

  86. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy

  87. Universidade de São Paulo

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade de São Paulo

  88. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

  89. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · University of Salento

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università del Salento

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy

  90. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    Università di Catania

    INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

  91. Université Paris-Saclay

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay

  92. FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences

    Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

  93. National University of General San Martín · Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany

  94. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN

    INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy

  95. Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering

    Affiliation as printed

    “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering

    "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania

  96. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

    Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), IFGW, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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References 51