The MSG model for cloudy sub-stellar atmospheres

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 694, pp. A275

Abstract

Context. State-of-the-art JWST observations are unveiling unprecedented views into the atmospheres of sub-stellar objects in the infrared, further highlighting the importance of clouds. Current forward models struggle to fit the silicate clouds absorption feature at ∼10 µm observed in sub-stellar atmospheres. Aims. In the MSG model, we aim to couple the MARCS 1D radiative-convective equilibrium atmosphere model with the 1D kinetic, stationary, non-equilibrium cloud formation model DRIFT, also known as StaticWeather, to create a new grid of self-consistent cloudy sub-stellar atmosphere models with microphysical cloud formation. We aim to test if this new grid is able to reproduce the silicate cloud absorption feature at ∼10 µm. Methods. We modelled sub-stellar atmospheres with effective temperatures in the range Teff = 1200–2500 K and with log(ɡ) = 4.0. We computed atmospheric structures that self-consistently account for condensate cloud opacities based on microphysical properties. We present an algorithm based on control theory to help converge such self-consistent models. Synthetic atmosphere spectra were computed for each model to explore the observable impact of the cloud microphysics. We additionally explored the impact of choosing different nucleation species (TiO2 or SiO) and the effect of less efficient atmospheric mixing on these spectra. Results. The new MSG cloudy grid using TiO2 nucleation shows spectra that are redder in the near-infrared compared to the currently known population of sub-stellar atmospheres. We find that the models with SiO nucleation and models with reduced mixing efficiency are less red in the near-infrared. Conclusions. We present a new grid of MSG models for cloudy sub-stellar atmospheres that include cloud radiative feedback from microphysical clouds. The grid is unable to reproduce silicate features similar to the ones found in recent JWST observations and Spitzer archival data. We thoroughly discuss further work that may better approximate the impact of convection in cloud-forming regions and steps that may help resolve the silicate cloud feature.

Authors 6

1. Beatriz Campos Estrada

   University of Copenhagen · Austrian Academy of Sciences · Graz University of Technology · Space Research Institute · Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

   Affiliation as printed

   Centre for ExoLife Sciences, Niels Bohr Institute, Øster Voldgade 5, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark

   Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

   Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz, Austria

   TU Graz, Fakultät für Mathematik, Physik und Geodäsie, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria

   Københavns Universitet, Faculty of Science, Niels Bohr Institute, Astrophysics and Planetary Science, DK

2. David Lewis

   Austrian Academy of Sciences · Graz University of Technology · Space Research Institute · Scottish Universities Physics Alliance · University of Edinburgh

   Affiliation as printed

   Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

   School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

   Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

   Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz, Austria

   TU Graz, Fakultät für Mathematik, Physik und Geodäsie, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria

3. Ch. Helling

   Austrian Academy of Sciences · Graz University of Technology · Space Research Institute

   Affiliation as printed

   Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz, Austria

   TU Graz, Fakultät für Mathematik, Physik und Geodäsie, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria

4. Richard A Booth

   University of Leeds

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

5. Francisco Ardévol Martínez Aachen Netherlands Space Research Institute (SRON)

   American Museum of Natural History · University of Groningen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands · University of Edinburgh

   Affiliation as printed

   Centre for Exoplanet Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

   Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, NY, USA

   Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

   Netherlands Space Research Institute (SRON), Leiden, The Netherlands

   School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

6. Uffe Gråe Jørgensen

   University of Copenhagen

   Affiliation as printed

   Centre for ExoLife Sciences, Niels Bohr Institute, Øster Voldgade 5, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark

   Københavns Universitet, Faculty of Science, Niels Bohr Institute, Astrophysics and Planetary Science, DK