Polygenic score distribution differences across European ancestry populations: implications for breast cancer risk prediction
Breast Cancer Research, vol. 26, pp. 189
Abstract
The 313-variant polygenic risk score (PRS 313 ) provides a promising tool for clinical breast cancer risk prediction. However, evaluation of the PRS 313 across different European populations which could influence risk estimation has not been performed. We explored the distribution of PRS 313 across European populations using genotype data from 94,072 females without breast cancer diagnosis, of European-ancestry from 21 countries participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) and 223,316 females without breast cancer diagnosis from the UK Biobank. The mean PRS was calculated by country in the BCAC dataset and by country of birth in the UK Biobank. We explored different approaches to reduce the observed heterogeneity in the mean PRS across the countries, and investigated the implications of the distribution variability in risk prediction. The mean PRS 313 differed markedly across European countries, being highest in individuals from Greece and Italy and lowest in individuals from Ireland. Using the overall European PRS 313 distribution to define risk categories, leads to overestimation and underestimation of risk in some individuals from these countries. Adjustment for principal components explained most of the observed heterogeneity in the mean PRS. The mean estimates derived when using an empirical Bayes approach were similar to the predicted means after principal component adjustment. Our results demonstrate that PRS distribution differs even within European ancestry populations leading to underestimation or overestimation of risk in specific European countries, which could potentially influence clinical management of some individuals if is not appropriately accounted for. Population-specific PRS distributions may be used in breast cancer risk estimation to ensure predicted risks are correctly calibrated across risk categories.
Authors 95
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Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics
Affiliation as printed
Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 Iroon Avenue, 2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics
Affiliation as printed
Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 Iroon Avenue, 2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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National Institutes of Health · National Cancer Institute · Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
Affiliation as printed
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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National Institutes of Health · National Cancer Institute · Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
Affiliation as printed
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mount Sinai Hospital · University of Toronto · Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute
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Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Fred A, Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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University of California, Irvine
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medicine, Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre
Affiliation as printed
NN Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Minsk, Belarus
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health Sciences, and Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
Oncology, Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven
Affiliation as printed
Department of Oncology, Leuven Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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St Petersburg University · Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Scientific Centre
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover · N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
NN Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Minsk, Belarus
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University of Copenhagen · Herlev Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Gentofte Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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German Cancer Research Center · Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
iFIT-Cluster of Excellence, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
Affiliation as printed
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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University of Utah · Huntsman Cancer Institute
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Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Oncology and Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Galicia Sur-Vigo-Spain, Vigo, Spain
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Pathology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Intermountain Biorepository, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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German Cancer Research Center · University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf · University Cancer Center Hamburg
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Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
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Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Boston Children's Hospital · Harvard University
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Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Mayo Clinic · University of Utah · Huntsman Cancer Institute
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Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Mayo Clinic · University of Sheffield
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Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Karolinska Institutet · University of Sheffield
Affiliation as printed
Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fox Chase Cancer Center · Karolinska Institutet
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Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mary B. Daly Aachen Department of Human Genetics Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center
Fox Chase Cancer Center · Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Peter Devilee Aachen Department of Human Genetics Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center · Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
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Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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University of Cambridge · Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
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Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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University of Cambridge · University of Southampton
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Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University · Leipzig University
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Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Karolinska Institutet · Leipzig University
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Manchester Academic Health Science Centre · Karolinska Institutet · University of Manchester · St Mary's Hospital · Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
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Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
North West Genomics Laboratory Hub, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg · Manchester Academic Health Science Centre · University of Manchester · St Mary's Hospital · Universitätsklinikum Erlangen · Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust · Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen
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Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
North West Genomics Laboratory Hub, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Institute of Cancer Research · Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg · Breast Cancer Now · Universitätsklinikum Erlangen · Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen
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Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Institute of Cancer Research · Breast Cancer Now · Herlev Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Gentofte Hospital
Affiliation as printed
The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Curtin University · Herlev Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Gentofte Hospital
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Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Curtin University · Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago · Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica · Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago · Servicio Gallego de Salud
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School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Group, Genomic Medicine Group, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL · Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago · Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica · Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago · Servicio Gallego de Salud · University College London
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Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Group, Genomic Medicine Group, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
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Spanish National Cancer Research Centre · MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL · University College London
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Department of Women's Cancer, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
Human Genotyping Unit-CeGen, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Inserm · Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines · Université Paris-Saclay · Spanish National Cancer Research Centre · Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations · Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases
Affiliation as printed
Human Genotyping Unit-CeGen, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
Team 'Exposome and Heredity', CESP, Gustave Roussy, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Villejuif, France
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Inserm · University of Cologne · Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines · Université Paris-Saclay · Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations · University Hospital Cologne
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Team 'Exposome and Heredity', CESP, Gustave Roussy, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Villejuif, France
Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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University of Southern California · University of Cologne · University Hospital Cologne
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Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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University of Southern California · German Cancer Research Center
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Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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University of Eastern Finland · German Cancer Research Center
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Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Cancer RC, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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University of Eastern Finland · Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal · Université de Montréal
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Cancer RC, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
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American Cancer Society · Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal · Université de Montréal
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Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
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American Cancer Society · Erasmus MC Cancer Institute
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Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Düsseldorf University Hospital · Erasmus MC Cancer Institute · Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
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Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Düsseldorf University Hospital · Erasmus MC Cancer Institute · Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
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Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology · Erasmus MC Cancer Institute
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Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
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The University of Melbourne · Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology · University of Tübingen
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Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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The University of Melbourne · Manchester Academic Health Science Centre · University of Manchester
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Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Manchester Academic Health Science Centre · University of Manchester · Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust · The Christie Hospital · Wythenshawe Hospital · Cancer Research UK Manchester Centre
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Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
Nightingale/Prevent Breast Cancer Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Institute of Cancer Research · Breast Cancer Now
Affiliation as printed
Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 'Georgi D. Efremov', MASA, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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German Cancer Research Center · Pomeranian Medical University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Lund University · Ufa University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Oncology, Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa, Russia
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Institute of Cancer Research · Breast Cancer Now · Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
Affiliation as printed
The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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National Institutes of Health · German Cancer Research Center · National Cancer Institute · Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
Affiliation as printed
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo · Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Scientific Centre · Ufa University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa, Russia
Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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City Of Hope National Medical Center · City of Hope · Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
Affiliation as printed
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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National Institutes of Health · VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology · National Cancer Institute · Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics · KU Leuven
Affiliation as printed
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo · Carmel Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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City Of Hope National Medical Center · Karolinska University Hospital · Karolinska Institutet · City of Hope
Affiliation as printed
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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University of Cambridge · VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology · KU Leuven
Affiliation as printed
Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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University of Eastern Finland · Carmel Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Karolinska University Hospital · Karolinska Institutet · University Hospital of Heraklion
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
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University of Cambridge · MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
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BC Cancer Agency · University of British Columbia · University of Eastern Finland · Kuopio University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Biobank of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Translational Cancer Research Area, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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University of Helsinki · Helsinki University Hospital · University Hospital of Heraklion
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL · University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf · University College London
Affiliation as printed
MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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BC Cancer Agency · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · University of British Columbia
Affiliation as printed
Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Clinical Genetics Research Lab, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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University of Helsinki · Helsinki University Hospital · Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
Affiliation as printed
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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American Cancer Society · University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Harvard University
Affiliation as printed
Clinical Genetics Research Lab, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover · IFOM
Affiliation as printed
Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Genome Diagnostics Program, IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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American Cancer Society · Spanish National Cancer Research Centre
Affiliation as printed
Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
Human Genotyping Unit-CeGen, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University
Affiliation as printed
Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 'Georgi D. Efremov', MASA, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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IFOM · NordLab · University of Oulu
Affiliation as printed
Genome Diagnostics Program, IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Spanish National Cancer Research Centre · Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori
Affiliation as printed
Human Genotyping Unit-CeGen, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
Unit of Predictive Medicine, Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 'Georgi D. Efremov', MASA, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Technion – Israel Institute of Technology · NordLab · University of Oulu
Affiliation as printed
Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Technion, Faculty of Medicine and Association for Promotion of Research in Precision Medicine, Haifa, Israel
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Manchester Academic Health Science Centre · University of Manchester · Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori
Affiliation as printed
Unit of Predictive Medicine, Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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