A possible misaligned orbit for the young planet AU Mic c

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 536, pp. 2046–2063

Abstract

ABSTRACT The AU Microscopii planetary system is only 24 Myr old, and its geometry may provide clues about the early dynamical history of planetary systems. Here, we present the first measurement of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect for the warm sub-Neptune AU Mic c, using two transits observed simultaneously with the European Southern Observatory's (ESO's) Very Large Telescope (VLT)/Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO), CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS), and Next-Generation Transit Survey (NGTS). After correcting for flares and for the magnetic activity of the host star, and accounting for transit-timing variations, we find the sky-projected spin–orbit angle of planet c to be in the range $\lambda _{\mathrm{c}}=67.8_{-49.0}^{+31.7}$ degrees (1$\sigma$). We examine the possibility that planet c is misaligned with respect to the orbit of the inner planet b ($\lambda _{\mathrm{b}}=-2.96_{-10.30}^{+10.44}$), and the equatorial plane of the host star, and discuss scenarios that could explain both this and the planet’s high density, including secular interactions with other bodies in the system or a giant impact. We note that a significantly misaligned orbit for planet c is in some degree of tension with the dynamical stability of the system, and with the fact that we see both planets in transit, though these arguments alone do not preclude such an orbit. Further observations would be highly desirable to constrain the spin–orbit angle of planet c more precisely.

Authors 97

1. Haochuan Yu corresponding

   University of Oxford

   Affiliation as printed

   Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3RH ,

   Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

2. Z. Garai

   Eötvös Loránd University · Slovak Academy of Sciences · Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences

   Affiliation as printed

   Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences , 05960 Tatranská Lomnica ,

   ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory , Szent Imre h. u. 112, H-9700 Szombathely ,

   HUN-REN–ELTE Exoplanet Research Group , Szent Imre h. u. 112, H-9700 Szombathely ,

   ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szent Imre h. u. 112, H-9700 Szombathely, Hungary

3. M. Cretignier

   University of Oxford

   Affiliation as printed

   Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3RH ,

   Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

4. Gy. M. Szabó

   Eötvös Loránd University

   Affiliation as printed

   ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory , Szent Imre h. u. 112, H-9700 Szombathely ,

   HUN-REN–ELTE Exoplanet Research Group , Szent Imre h. u. 112, H-9700 Szombathely ,

   ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szent Imre h. u. 112, H-9700 Szombathely, Hungary

5. S. Aigrain

   University of Oxford

   Affiliation as printed

   Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3RH ,

   Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

6. D. Gandolfi

   University of Turin

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino , via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino ,

7. Edward M. Bryant

   University College London

   Affiliation as printed

   Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT ,

   Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, UK

8. Alexandre C. M. Correia

   Centro de Física da Universidade de Coimbra · University of Coimbra

   Affiliation as printed

   CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra , P-3004-516 Coimbra ,

9. Baptiste Klein

   University of Oxford

   Affiliation as printed

   Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3RH ,

   Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

10. A. Brandeker

    Stockholm University · AlbaNova

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center , SE-10691 Stockholm ,

    Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden

11. Maximilian N. Günther

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) , Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk ,

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

12. Joshua N. Winn

    Princeton University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544 ,

    Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

13. A. Heitzmann

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

14. H. M. Cegla

    University of Geneva · University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

15. Thomas G Wilson

    University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

16. Samuel Gill

    University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

17. L. Kriskovics

    Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Konkoly Thege út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest ,

    University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Scheinerstr 1, D-81679 Munich ,

18. Oscar Barragán

    University of Oxford

    Affiliation as printed

    Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3RH ,

    Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

19. Ádám Boldog

    Eötvös Loránd University · Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence , Konkoly Thege út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest ,

    HUN-REN–ELTE Exoplanet Research Group , Szent Imre h. u. 112, H-9700 Szombathely ,

    Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Konkoly Thege út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest ,

20. Louise Dyregaard Nielsen

    European Southern Observatory · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    European Southern Observatory (ESO) , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str 2, D-85748 Garching bei München ,

    University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Scheinerstr 1, D-81679 Munich ,

21. N. Billot

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

22. M. Lafarga

    University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

23. Annabella Meech

    University of Oxford

    Affiliation as printed

    Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3RH ,

    Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

24. Yann Alibert

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

25. R. Alonso

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , Astrofísico Francisco Sanchez s/n, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife ,

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , Vía Láctea s/n, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife ,

26. T. Bárczy
    Affiliation as printed

    Admatis , 5. Kandó Kálmán Street, H-3534 Miskolc ,

27. D. Barrado

    Centro de Astrobiología

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus , E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid ,

28. S. C. C. Barros

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto ,

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP , Rua das Estrelas, P-4150-762 Porto ,

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

29. W. Baumjohann

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences , Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz ,

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria

30. Daniel Bayliss

    University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

31. W. Benz

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

32. Maria Bergomi

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

33. L. Borsato

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

34. Christopher H. Broeg

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

35. Andrew Collier Cameron

    University of St Andrews

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS ,

    Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK

36. Szilárd Csizmadia

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin ,

    Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany

37. Patricio E. Cubillos

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Space Research Institute · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio , 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese To ,

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences , Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio, 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese To, Italy

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria

38. M. B. Davies

    Lund University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University , Box 118, SE-22100 Lund ,

    Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden

39. M. Deleuil

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM , 38 rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie, F-13388 Marseille ,

40. A. Deline

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

41. Olivier D S Demangeon

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto ,

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP , Rua das Estrelas, P-4150-762 Porto ,

    Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

42. Brice-Olivier Demory

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

43. A. Derekas

    Eötvös Loránd University

    Affiliation as printed

    ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory , Szent Imre h. u. 112, H-9700 Szombathely ,

    ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szent Imre h. u. 112, H-9700 Szombathely, Hungary

44. Lauren Doyle

    University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

45. B Edwards Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands

    Affiliation as printed

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Niels Bohrweg 4, NL-2333 CA Leiden ,

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands

46. J. A. Egger

    University of Bern

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

47. David Ehrenreich

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre Vie dans l’Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève 4 ,

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

48. A. Fortier

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

49. L. Fossati

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences , Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz ,

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria

50. Malcolm C. Fridlund Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Chalmers University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory , SE-43992 Onsala ,

    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden ,

    Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439 92 Onsala, Sweden

    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

51. K. Gazeas

    National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

    Affiliation as printed

    National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, University Campus , Zografos, GR-157 84 Athens ,

    National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, University Campus, Zografos GR-157 84, Athens, Greece

52. M. Gillon

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège ,

53. M. Güdel

    University of Vienna

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna , Türkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna ,

54. Ch. Helling

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Graz University of Technology · Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz ,

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences , Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz ,

    Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria

55. K. G. Isaak

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) , Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk ,

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

56. L. L. Kiss

    Eötvös Loránd University · Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics , Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest ,

    Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest ,

57. J. Korth

    Lund University

    Affiliation as printed

    Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University , Box 118, SE-22100 Lund ,

    Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden

58. Kristine W. F. Lam

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin ,

    Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany

59. J. Laskar

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides

    Affiliation as printed

    IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ. , 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, F-75014 Paris ,

    IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France

60. Alain Lecavelier des Etangs

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie , 98 bis blvd. Arago, F-75014 Paris ,

61. M. Lendl

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

62. Demetrio Magrin

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

63. Pierre F L Maxted

    Keele University

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Group, Keele University , Lennard Jones Building, Staffordshire ST5 5BG ,

    Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom

64. J. McCormac

    University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

65. Bruno Merín

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency, ESA – European Space Astronomy Centre , Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid ,

66. C. Mordasini

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

67. V. Nascimbeni

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

68. Sean O'Brien

    Queen's University Belfast

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN ,

    Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK

69. Göran Olofsson

    Stockholm University · AlbaNova

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center , SE-10691 Stockholm ,

    Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden

70. R. Ottensamer

    University of Vienna

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna , Türkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna ,

71. I. Pagano

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania , Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

72. Ε. Πάλλη

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , Astrofísico Francisco Sanchez s/n, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife ,

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , Vía Láctea s/n, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife ,

73. Gisbert Peter

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin ,

    Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany

74. D. Piazza

    University of Bern

    Affiliation as printed

    Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

75. G. Piotto

    University of Padua · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Università degli Studi di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

76. Donald L. Pollacco

    University of Warwick

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL ,

    Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

77. Didier P. Queloz

    University of Cambridge · ETH Zurich

    Affiliation as printed

    Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0HE ,

    ETH Zurich, Department of Physics , Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 2, CH-8093 Zurich ,

    Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

    ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

78. Roberto Ragazzoni

    University of Padua · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Università degli Studi di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

79. N. Rando

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) , Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk ,

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

80. Heike Rauer

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) · Freie Universität Berlin

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin , Maltheserstrasse 74-100, D-12249 Berlin ,

    Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin ,

    Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Maltheserstrasse 74-100,12249 Berlin, Germany

    Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany

81. I. Ribas

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB , Can Magrans s/n, E-08193 Bellaterra ,

    Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona ,

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain

    Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain

82. Nuno C. Santos

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto ,

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP , Rua das Estrelas, P-4150-762 Porto ,

    Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

83. G. Scandariato

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania , Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania ,

    INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

84. D. Ségransan

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

85. Attila E. Simon

    University of Bern · Center for Space and Habitability

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

86. Alexis M. S. Smith

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin ,

    Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany

87. S. G. Sousa

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP , Rua das Estrelas, P-4150-762 Porto ,

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

88. M. Stalport

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège ,

    Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège , Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège ,

89. M Steinberger

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences , Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz ,

    Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria

90. S. Sulis

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM , 38 rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie, F-13388 Marseille ,

91. Stéphane Udry

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

92. B. Ulmer

    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin ,

    Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany

93. Soléne Ulmer-Moll

    University of Geneva · University of Bern · University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern ,

    Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège , Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège ,

    Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

94. V. Van Grootel

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège , Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège ,

95. J. Venturini

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,

96. E. Villaver

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , Astrofísico Francisco Sanchez s/n, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife ,

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , Vía Láctea s/n, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife ,

97. Nicholas A. Walton

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA ,

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom