The putative center in NGC 1052
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 692, pp. A205
Abstract
Context. Many active galaxies harbor powerful relativistic jets, however, the detailed mechanisms of their formation and acceleration remain poorly understood. Aims. To investigate the area of jet acceleration and collimation with the highest available angular resolution, we study the innermost region of the bipolar jet in the nearby low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) galaxy NGC 1052. Methods. We combined observations of NGC 1052 taken with VLBA, GMVA, and EHT over one week in the spring of 2017. Our study is focused on the size and continuum spectrum of the innermost region containing the central engine and the footpoints of both jets. We employed a synchrotron-self absorption model to fit the continuum radio spectrum and we combined the size measurements from close to the central engine out to ∼1 pc to study the jet collimation. Results. For the first time, NGC 1052 was detected with the EHT, providing a size of the central region in-between both jet bases of 43 μas perpendicular to the jet axes, corresponding to just around 250 RS (Schwarzschild radii). This size estimate supports previous studies of the jets expansion profile which suggest two breaks of the profile at around 3 × 103 RS and 1 × 104 RS distances to the core. Furthermore, we estimated the magnetic field to be 1.25 Gauss at a distance of 22 μas from the central engine by fitting a synchrotron-self absorption spectrum to the innermost emission feature, which shows a spectral turn-over at ∼130 GHz. Assuming a purely poloidal magnetic field, this implies an upper limit on the magnetic field strength at the event horizon of 2.6 × 104 Gauss, which is consistent with previous measurements. Conclusions. The complex, low-brightness, double-sided jet structure in NGC 1052 makes it a challenge to detect the source at millimeter (mm) wavelengths. However, our first EHT observations have demonstrated that detection is possible up to at least 230 GHz. This study offers a glimpse through the dense surrounding torus and into the innermost central region, where the jets are formed. This has enabled us to finally resolve this region and provide improved constraints on its expansion and magnetic field strength.
Authors 98
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Anne-Kathrin Baczko corresponding
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy · Chalmers University of Technology
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Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Goethe University Frankfurt · University of Würzburg · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna València, Spain
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Radboud University Nijmegen · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, PO Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astro-physics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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University of Würzburg · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Harvard University · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
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Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
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Universitat de València · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna València, Spain
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, PR China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Nagoya City University · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Affiliation as printed
Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8501 Aichi, Japan
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka-cho, Mizusawa, Oshu, 023-0861 Iwate, Japan
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Trottier Space Institute at McGill · McGill University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Affiliation as printed
NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow