Benchmarking battery management system algorithms - Requirements, scenarios and validation for automotive applications

eTransportation, vol. 22, pp. 100355

Abstract

State estimators are crucial for the effective use of batteries in real-world applications. Insufficient algorithms can lead to user dissatisfaction, safety risks, and accelerated battery degradation, posing significant risks to manufacturers. Developing algorithms for battery management systems (BMS) involves defining requirements, implementing algorithms, and validating them, which is a complex process. The performance of BMS algorithms is influenced by constraints related to hardware, data storage, calibration processes during development and use, and costs. Additionally, state estimation methods vary widely, requiring specific data that impact algorithm performance. This study investigates these complexities in the development of state estimators and underscores the importance of their performance. We established an approach for selecting test scenarios, based on expert interviews, which considers computational capabilities and specific application scenarios. A model-based simulation environment is introduced to handle the complexities of validation. This environment enables thorough validation of the algorithms under real-application conditions, different test scenarios, and parameter variations. We exemplarily perform a validation for three State of Charge (SoC) estimators under diverse conditions and cell variations. The results show the performance dependencies on temperatures, cell chemistries, initial SoCs and measurement inaccuracies. Additionally, the cell-to-cell variations highlight the complexity and effort of algorithm validation. Introducing an additional scenario parameter expands the range of test scenarios, emphasizing the necessity to select scenarios that accurately reflect field conditions and worst-case situations.

Authors 7

1. Franziska Berger corresponding Aachen Center for Ageing Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA)

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Ageing, Reliability and Lifetime Prediction for Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA Energy, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany

2. Dominik Jöst Aachen Center for Ageing Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA)

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Ageing, Reliability and Lifetime Prediction for Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA Energy, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany

3. Elias Barbers Aachen Center for Ageing

   Forschungszentrum Jülich · Helmholtz-Institute Münster · Jülich Aachen Research Alliance · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Ageing, Reliability and Lifetime Prediction for Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Helmholtz Institute Münster: Ionics in Energy Storage (HI MS), IMD-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA Energy, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany

4. Katharina Lilith Quade Aachen Center for Ageing Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA)

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Ageing, Reliability and Lifetime Prediction for Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA Energy, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany

5. Ziheng Wu Aachen Center for Ageing Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA)

   RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Ageing, Reliability and Lifetime Prediction for Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

6. Dirk Uwe Sauer Aachen Center for Ageing Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA) Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS) E.ON Energy Research Center

   Forschungszentrum Jülich · Helmholtz-Institute Münster · Jülich Aachen Research Alliance · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Ageing, Reliability and Lifetime Prediction for Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Helmholtz Institute Münster: Ionics in Energy Storage (HI MS), IMD-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany

   Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS), E.ON Energy Research Center (E.ON ERC), RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustrasse 10, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA Energy, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany

7. Philipp Dechent corresponding Aachen Center for Ageing Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA)

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Center for Ageing, Reliability and Lifetime Prediction for Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 89, 52074, Aachen, Germany

   Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA Energy, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany