Human management of ongoing evolutionary processes in agroecosystems
Plants People Planet, vol. 6, pp. 1190–1206
Abstract
Societal Impact Statement Agricultural sustainability depends on the adaptation of crops to their local environment. Smallholder farmers who save seed provide an essential “evosystem” service by growing locally adapted seed varieties that can recruit biodiversity to enhance their growth and defense. While professional plant breeding has diverted evolutionary processes away from local adaptation, smallholder farmers, particularly those in centers of origin for crops, benefit society by selecting and propagating diverse crop varieties that allow local adaptation processes to perpetuate. Given that smallholders support society through the generation of evosystem services, changes in policy and practice are needed to support the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in ways that mitigate risk and recognize their important contributions to agricultural sustainability. To enhance the reach of this work, a Spanish language version of the paper is available in the Supporting Information (see Translation_ES). [Correction added on 18 June 2024, after first online publication: The preceding sentence has been added in this version.] Summary Long‐term food security and agricultural sustainability depend on protecting the eco‐evolutionary processes that select for local adaptation in crops. Since seed systems structure how people acquire seed, institutional and social changes influence evolutionary processes within agroecosystems. Since World War II, the rise of professional breeding has bifurcated seed systems into traditional and formal systems, which has negatively affected agrobiodiversity, crop evolution, and agricultural sustainability. In traditional seed systems, farmers often save seed from plants that best provide desired qualities, selecting landrace crop varieties to adapt to local environmental conditions. In formal or centralized seed systems, farmers buy seeds bred primarily for maximizing yield under ideal conditions. When farmers source seeds externally, evolutionary processes underlying local adaptation are disrupted. Here, we argue that traditional seed systems provide important evosystem services, or the evolutionary processes resulting from the maintenance and use of genetic diversity that benefit society. We present a framework on how seed systems influence the evolutionary processes that enable local adaptation, which is necessary for sustainable agriculture. We discuss how changes in human values underlying traditional and formal seed systems can alter evolutionary processes that underlie local adaptation. We conclude that developing policies that support people in managing ecological and evolutionary processes within seed systems is needed to address current and future challenges of global food security and agricultural sustainability.
Authors 10
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National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity · Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación
Affiliation as printed
Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) Ciudad de México Mexico
Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT), Benito Juárez, CDMX Ciudad de México Mexico
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University of Vermont · Gund Institute for Environment
Affiliation as printed
Department of Community Development and Applied Economics University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
Gund Institute for the Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity · Arizona State University
Affiliation as printed
Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) Ciudad de México Mexico
Swette Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Walton Center for Planetary Health Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
Swette Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Walton Center for Planetary Health, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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University of Vermont · Gund Institute for Environment
Affiliation as printed
Department of Agriculture, Landscape, and Environment, 63 Carrigan Dr. University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
Gund Institute for the Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
Department of Agriculture, Landscape, and Environment, 63 Carrigan Dr., University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Angélica Cibrián‐Jaramillo Aachen Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center
Affiliation as printed
Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden Netherlands
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, Netherlands
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Affiliation as printed
Jardin Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México Mexico
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Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental · Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Morelia Mexico
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Affiliation as printed
Genética de la conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México Mexico
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University of Vermont · Gund Institute for Environment
Affiliation as printed
Department of Agriculture, Landscape, and Environment, 63 Carrigan Dr. University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
Gund Institute for the Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
Department of Agriculture, Landscape, and Environment, 63 Carrigan Dr., University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Yolanda H. Chen corresponding
University of Vermont · Gund Institute for Environment
Affiliation as printed
Department of Agriculture, Landscape, and Environment, 63 Carrigan Dr. University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
Gund Institute for the Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
Department of Agriculture, Landscape, and Environment, 63 Carrigan Dr., University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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