A

PDRs4All

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 687, pp. A86

Abstract

Context. Mid-infrared emission features are important probes of the properties of ionized gas and hot or warm molecular gas, which are difficult to probe at other wavelengths. The Orion Bar photodissociation region (PDR) is a bright, nearby, and frequently studied target containing large amounts of gas under these conditions. Under the “PDRs4All” Early Release Science Program for JWST, a part of the Orion Bar was observed with MIRI integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy, and these high-sensitivity IR spectroscopic images of very high angular resolution (0.2″) provide a rich observational inventory of the mid-infrared (MIR) emission lines, while resolving the H II region, the ionization front, and multiple dissociation fronts. Aims. We list, identify, and measure the most prominent gas emission lines in the Orion Bar using the new MIRI IFU data. An initial analysis summarizes the physical conditions of the gas and demonstrates the potential of these new data and future IFU observations with JWST. Methods. The MIRI IFU mosaic spatially resolves the substructure of the PDR, its footprint cutting perpendicularly across the ionization front and three dissociation fronts. We performed an up-to-date data reduction, and extracted five spectra that represent the ionized, atomic, and molecular gas layers. We identified the observed lines through a comparison with theoretical line lists derived from atomic data and simulated PDR models. The identified species and transitions are summarized in the main table of this work, with measurements of the line intensities and central wavelengths. Results. We identified around 100 lines and report an additional 18 lines that remain unidentified. The majority consists of H I recombination lines arising from the ionized gas layer bordering the PDR. The H I line ratios are well matched by emissivity coefficients from H recombination theory, but deviate by up to 10% because of contamination by He I lines. We report the observed emission lines of various ionization stages of Ne, P, S, Cl, Ar, Fe, and Ni. We show how the Ne III /Ne II , S IV /S III , and Ar III /Ar II ratios trace the conditions in the ionized layer bordering the PDR, while Fe III /Fe II and Ni III /Ni II exhibit a different behavior, as there are significant contributions to Fe II and Ni II from the neutral PDR gas. We observe the pure-rotational H 2 lines in the vibrational ground state from 0–0 S (1) to 0–0 S (8), and in the first vibrationally excited state from 1–1 S (5) to 1–1 S(9). We derive H 2 excitation diagrams, and for the three observed dissociation fronts, the rotational excitation can be approximated with one thermal (~700 K) component representative of an average gas temperature, and one nonthermal component (~2700 K) probing the effect of UV pumping. We compare these results to an existing model of the Orion Bar PDR, and find that the predicted excitation matches the data qualitatively, while adjustments to the parameters of the PDR model are required to reproduce the intensity of the 0–0 S (6) to S (8) lines.

Authors 99

  1. Space Telescope Science Institute · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  2. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Université Paris-Saclay · Observatoire de Paris · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 92190 Meudon, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

  3. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Space Telescope Science Institute · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

  4. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

  5. Western University · RIKEN · Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

    Affiliation as printed

    Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, 339 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  6. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

  7. University of Michigan · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  8. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

  9. Western University · RIKEN · The Ohio State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomy Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  10. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

  11. Western University · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  12. Ames Research Center · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  13. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 92190 Meudon, France

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

  14. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 520, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    ISMO - Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex - France)

  15. Instituto de Física Fundamental · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física Fundamental (CSIC), Calle Serrano 121-123, 28006 Madrid, Spain

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  16. Space Telescope Science Institute · Ghent University · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

    Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  17. RIKEN · The University of Tokyo

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  18. Leiden University · RIKEN · Leiden Observatory · University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  19. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

  20. RIKEN · University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  21. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

  22. University of Michigan · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  23. Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    ACRI-ST, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche de Grasse (CERGA), 10 Av. Nicolas Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France

    INCLASS Common Laboratory, 10 Av. Nicolas Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France

    O.C.A - Département C.E.R.G.A (Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Avenue Copernic, F-06130 Grasse, France - France)

  24. Western University · RIKEN · Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

    Affiliation as printed

    Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, 339 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  25. Instituto de Física Fundamental · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física Fundamental (CSIC), Calle Serrano 121-123, 28006 Madrid, Spain

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  26. Royal Observatory · RIKEN · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill EH9 3HJ, UK

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  27. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

  28. RIKEN · Centro de Astrobiología

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA),Ctra de Torrejón a Ajaalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  29. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

  30. Western University · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  31. RIKEN · KU Leuven

    Affiliation as printed

    Quantum Solid State Physics (QSP), Celestijnenlaan 200d, Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  32. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 92190 Meudon, France

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

  33. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France

    Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 Rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France

    IPAG - Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (414, Rue de la Piscine BP 53 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 - France)

    IRAM - Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (300 rue de la Piscine, Domaine Universitaire 38406 Saint Martin d'Hères - France)

  34. Ames Research Center · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  35. University of Cologne · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  36. Western University · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  37. RIKEN · University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  38. Space Telescope Science Institute · Johns Hopkins University · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

    Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  39. Goethe University Frankfurt · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Goethe-Universität, Physikalisches Institut, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Physikalischer Verein – Gesellschaft für Bildung und Wissenschaft, Robert-Mayer-Str. 2, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  40. Western University · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  41. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale · Chalmers University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439 92 Onsala, Sweden

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

  42. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

  43. Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Tapada da Ajuda, Edifício Leste, 2o Piso, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  44. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

  45. Ames Research Center · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  46. Chinese Academy of Sciences · Yunnan Observatories · National Astronomical Observatories · University of Chile

    Affiliation as printed

    Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100101, PR China

    Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile

    Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming 650216, PR China

    Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astron-omy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

    Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yang-fangwang, Guandu District, Kunming, 650216, China

  47. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy · Friedrich Schiller University Jena

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany

    Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the Max Planck Institute for As-tronomy at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany

  48. Texas State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA

    Department of Physics, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA

  49. Universidade de São Paulo · Universidade Federal de Itajubá

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1010, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS 1303, Pinheirinho, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil

  50. Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation · Australian Synchrotron

    Affiliation as printed

    Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Victoria, Australia

    Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technol-ogy Organisation (ANSTO), Victoria, Australia

  51. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

  52. Ames Research Center · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  53. Ames Research Center · Bay Area Environmental Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

    NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA

  54. RIKEN · Chalmers University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439 92 Onsala, Sweden

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  55. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · École Normale Supérieure - PSL · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France

    Astrophysique (24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris - France)

  56. University of Colorado Boulder · Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics · Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

    Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA

    Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA

    Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Col-orado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA

  57. Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Delft University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

  58. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 520, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    ISMO - Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex - France)

  59. Radboud University Nijmegen · HFML-FELIX

    Affiliation as printed

    Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands

  60. University of Hyderabad

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India

    School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana India

  61. Wellesley College

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA

  62. University of Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amster-dam, The Netherlands

  63. Delft University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

  64. Instituto de Física Fundamental · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física Fundamental (CSIC), Calle Serrano 121-123, 28006 Madrid, Spain

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  65. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, Bâtiment 104, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    IJCLab - Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (Bât. 100 et 200, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay - France)

  66. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Physique de Rennes · Université Rennes 1 · Université de Rennes · GITAM University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Chemistry, GITAM school of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bangalore, India

    Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France

    IPR - Institut de Physique de Rennes (Bâtiment 11A , B, C, E – 10B 263 av. Général Leclerc 35042 Rennes cedex FRANCE - France)

  67. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

  68. University of British Columbia

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

  69. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

  70. Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    ACRI-ST, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche de Grasse (CERGA), 10 Av. Nicolas Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France

    INCLASS Common Laboratory, 10 Av. Nicolas Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France

    O.C.A - Département C.E.R.G.A (Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Avenue Copernic, F-06130 Grasse, France - France)

  71. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

  72. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

  73. European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC/ESA), Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

    European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC/ESA), Villanueva de la Cañada, E-28692 Madrid, Spain

  74. Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, LERMA, 75014 Paris, France

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

  75. Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA

  76. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Universitaire de France · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Espace

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut Universitaire de France, Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France

    Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

    IUF - Institut universitaire de France (Maison des Universités 103 Boulevard Saint-Michel 75005 Paris - France)

  77. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · École Normale Supérieure - PSL · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères · Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France

    Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, LERMA, 75014 Paris, France

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

    LPENS - Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris - France)

  78. RIKEN · Rice University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  79. RIKEN · University of Virginia

    Affiliation as printed

    Departments of Chemistry and Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  80. Aarhus University · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    InterCat and Department Physics and Astron., Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  81. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

  82. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy · RIKEN · Friedrich Schiller University Jena

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  83. Universidade de São Paulo · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05509-090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  84. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

  85. RIKEN · San Jose State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  86. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain

    Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

    Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  87. Space Telescope Science Institute · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore MD 21218, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  88. Russian Academy of Sciences · RIKEN · Institute of Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119017, Pyatnitskaya str. 48, Moscow, Russia

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  89. Royal Observatory · RIKEN · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill EH9 3HJ, UK

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  90. University of British Columbia · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Earth, Ocean, & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  91. European Space Astronomy Centre · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Telespazio UK for ESA, ESAC, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  92. California Institute of Technology · RIKEN · Infrared Processing and Analysis Center

    Affiliation as printed

    IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  93. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

    LAB - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (Bât B18N - Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire CS 50023 - 33615 Pessac Cedex France - France)

  94. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 92190 Meudon, France

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

  95. RIKEN · University of Missouri

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  96. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy · RIKEN

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  97. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · RIKEN · University of California, Berkeley

    Affiliation as printed

    Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California – Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

    -0 S, RIKEN Cluster for Pi-oneering Research, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    of the Orion Bar Edifício Leste, 2°Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

  98. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Sorbonne Paris Cité · CEA Paris-Saclay · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

  99. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Bordeaux · Institut des Sciences Moléculaires · Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33405 Talence, France

    IMB - Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (351 cours de la Libération 33405 TALENCE CEDEX - France)

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References 69