Predicting clinical endpoints and visual changes with quality-weighted tissue-based renal histological features
Frontiers in Transplantation, vol. 3, pp. 1305468
Abstract
Two common obstacles limiting the performance of data-driven algorithms in digital histopathology classification tasks are the lack of expert annotations and the narrow diversity of datasets. Multi-instance learning (MIL) can address the former challenge for the analysis of whole slide images (WSI), but performance is often inferior to full supervision. We show that the inclusion of weak annotations can significantly enhance the effectiveness of MIL while keeping the approach scalable. An analysis framework was developed to process periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Sirius Red (SR) slides of renal biopsies. The workflow segments tissues into coarse tissue classes. Handcrafted and deep features were extracted from these tissues and combined using a soft attention model to predict several slide-level labels: delayed graft function (DGF), acute tubular injury (ATI), and Remuzzi grade components. A tissue segmentation quality metric was also developed to reduce the adverse impact of poorly segmented instances. The soft attention model was trained using 5-fold cross-validation on a mixed dataset and tested on the QUOD dataset containing n = 373 PAS and n = 195 SR biopsies. The average ROC-AUC over different prediction tasks was found to be 0.598 ± 0.011 , significantly higher than using only ResNet50 ( 0.545 ± 0.012 ), only handcrafted features ( 0.542 ± 0.011 ), and the baseline ( 0.532 ± 0.012 ) of state-of-the-art performance. In conjunction with soft attention, weighting tissues by segmentation quality has led to further improvement ( A U C = 0.618 ± 0.010 ) . Using an intuitive visualisation scheme, we show that our approach may also be used to support clinical decision making as it allows pinpointing individual tissues relevant to the predictions.
Authors 7
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Ka Ho Tam corresponding
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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John Radcliffe Hospital · University of Oxford
Affiliation as printed
Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom
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Leiden University Medical Center · Amsterdam University Medical Centers · University of Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Pathology, Leiden Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Pathology, Leiden Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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NHS Blood and Transplant · University of Oxford
Affiliation as printed
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant Filton and Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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NHS Blood and Transplant · University of Oxford
Affiliation as printed
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant Filton and Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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