Multi-trait analysis characterizes the genetics of thyroid function and identifies causal associations with clinical implications
Nature Communications, vol. 15, pp. 888
Abstract
To date only a fraction of the genetic footprint of thyroid function has been clarified. We report a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of thyroid function in up to 271,040 individuals of European ancestry, including reference range thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free and total triiodothyronine (T3), proxies for metabolism (T3/FT4 ratio) as well as dichotomized high and low TSH levels. We revealed 259 independent significant associations for TSH (61% novel), 85 for FT4 (67% novel), and 62 novel signals for the T3 related traits. The loci explained 14.1%, 6.0%, 9.5% and 1.1% of the total variation in TSH, FT4, total T3 and free T3 concentrations, respectively. Genetic correlations indicate that TSH associated loci reflect the thyroid function determined by free T3, whereas the FT4 associations represent the thyroid hormone metabolism. Polygenic risk score and Mendelian randomization analyses showed the effects of genetically determined variation in thyroid function on various clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular risk factors and diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. In conclusion, our results improve the understanding of thyroid hormone physiology and highlight the pleiotropic effects of thyroid function on various diseases.
Authors 98
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Erasmus MC · Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences · The University of Osaka
Affiliation as printed
Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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Queen Mary University of London · William Harvey Research Institute
Affiliation as printed
Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Queen Mary University of London · William Harvey Research Institute
Affiliation as printed
William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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University of Copenhagen · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Obesity and Nutritional Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology · St Olav's University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Affiliation as printed
Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
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Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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The University of Western Australia
Affiliation as printed
School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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University of Copenhagen · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
Affiliation as printed
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Western General Hospital · Institute of Genetics and Cancer · MRC Human Genetics Unit · University of Edinburgh
Affiliation as printed
MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, 7600, Norway
K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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University of Parma · Ospedale di Parma
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Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
Oncological Endocrinology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Harvard University · Erasmus MC
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University
Affiliation as printed
Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo
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Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
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Rodrigo Coutinho de Almeida Aachen Department of Biomedical Data Sciences Section Molecular Epidemiology
Leiden University Medical Center
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Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
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QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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University of Sassari · Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research · National Research Council
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Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
Università di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, V.le San Pietro, 07100, Sassari (SS), Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Aarhus University Hospital · Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus
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Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 11, Entrance A, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
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Johns Hopkins University · Johns Hopkins Medicine
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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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University of Copenhagen · Boston Children's Hospital · Harvard University · Zealand University Hospital Køge
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Faculty of Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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University of Helsinki · National University of Singapore
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Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Singapore, Singapore
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Affiliation as printed
Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
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Eurac Research · Helmholtz Munich · Institute for Biomedicine · University of Lübeck
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Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Helmholtz Munich
Affiliation as printed
Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Eurac Research · Institute for Biomedicine · University of Lübeck
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Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
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Eurac Research · University of Michigan · Michigan Medicine · Institute for Biomedicine · University of Lübeck
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Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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University of Copenhagen · University of Michigan · Michigan Medicine · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
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Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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University of Copenhagen · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research · University of Split
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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University of Copenhagen · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research · University of Split
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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University of Copenhagen · University of Washington · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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University of Washington · Barcelona Institute for Global Health · University of Edinburgh
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Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet · University of Edinburgh
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Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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University of Copenhagen · Western General Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet · Institute of Genetics and Cancer · MRC Human Genetics Unit · University of Edinburgh
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Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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The University of Western Australia · Western General Hospital · Institute of Genetics and Cancer · Pathwest Laboratory Medicine · MRC Human Genetics Unit · University of Edinburgh
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MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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The University of Western Australia · Universitätsmedizin Greifswald · Universität Greifswald · German Centre for Cardiovascular Research · Pathwest Laboratory Medicine
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Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
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Universitätsmedizin Greifswald · Leiden University Medical Center · Universität Greifswald · German Centre for Cardiovascular Research
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DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology · Oulu University Hospital · Leiden University Medical Center · Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare · Netherlands Heart Institute · University of Oulu
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Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Clinical Medicine Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Helsinki and Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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University of Copenhagen · Norwegian University of Science and Technology · Oulu University Hospital · Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare · University of Oulu
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Clinical Medicine Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Helsinki and Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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University of Copenhagen · University of California, San Francisco · Frederiksberg Hospital · Bispebjerg Hospital · Center for Clinical Research and Prevention
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Center of Physiological Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Frederiksberg Hospital · Bispebjerg Hospital · Radboud University Medical Center · Center for Clinical Research and Prevention
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Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Leiden University Medical Center · Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Departments of Rheumatology and Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Leiden University Medical Center · Helmholtz Munich
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Departments of Rheumatology and Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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University of Helsinki · Helmholtz Munich
Affiliation as printed
Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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University of Helsinki · Queen Mary University of London · University of Cambridge · MRC Epidemiology Unit
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Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Queen Mary University of London · University of Cambridge · Ghent University Hospital · Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin · MRC Epidemiology Unit
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Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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NHS Tayside · Ghent University Hospital
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Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
NHS Tayside, Scotland, Dundee, UK
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Boston University · NHS Tayside
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NHS Tayside, Scotland, Dundee, UK
Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Boston University · University of Edinburgh
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Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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University of California, San Francisco · University of Edinburgh
Affiliation as printed
Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Center of Physiological Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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University of Copenhagen · University of California, San Francisco · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
Affiliation as printed
Center of Physiological Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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University of Copenhagen · University of Cambridge · MRC Epidemiology Unit · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
Affiliation as printed
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute · University of Cambridge · MRC Epidemiology Unit
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MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute · University of Split
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QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Erasmus MC · University of Split
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Erasmus MC · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Institute for Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Leiden University Medical Center · Technical University of Munich
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Institute for Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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University of Maryland, Baltimore · Leiden University Medical Center
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Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Baltimore, USA
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University of Maryland, Baltimore · Frederiksberg Hospital · Bispebjerg Hospital · Center for Clinical Research and Prevention · Baltimore VA Medical Center
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Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Baltimore, USA
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University · Frederiksberg Hospital · Bispebjerg Hospital · Center for Clinical Research and Prevention
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Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University · Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research · National Research Council
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Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
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Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research · German Centre for Cardiovascular Research · National Research Council
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Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Universitätsmedizin Greifswald · Radboud University Medical Center · Universität Greifswald · German Centre for Cardiovascular Research
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DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Romana Teodora Netea-Maier Aachen Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics
Leiden University Medical Center · Radboud University Medical Center
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Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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University of Copenhagen · Leiden University Medical Center · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
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Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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University of Copenhagen · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research · The University of Tokyo · The University of Osaka
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research · RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences · National Research Council · The University of Tokyo · The University of Osaka
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Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
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Queen Mary University of London · Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research · William Harvey Research Institute · National Research Council
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Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Queen Mary University of London · University of Dundee · William Harvey Research Institute
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William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Division of Population Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, DD19SY, Dundee, UK
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University of Copenhagen · Eurac Research · Institute for Biomedicine · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research · University of Lübeck
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Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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University of Copenhagen · Gentofte Hospital · Helmholtz Munich · Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research · Institut für Medizinische Informationsverarbeitung, Biometrie und Epidemiologie · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Queen Mary University of London · University of Cambridge · Helmholtz Munich · MRC Epidemiology Unit · Institut für Medizinische Informationsverarbeitung, Biometrie und Epidemiologie · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Queen Mary University of London · University of Cambridge · Algebra Bernays University · Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin · MRC Epidemiology Unit · University of Split
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Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia
Department of Public Health, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Eurac Research · Algebra Bernays University · Institute for Biomedicine · University of Split · University of Lübeck
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Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia
Department of Public Health, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
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Eurac Research · University of Washington · Institute for Biomedicine · University of Lübeck
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Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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University of Washington · Klinički Bolnički Centar Split · University of Split
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Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Departments of Epidemiology and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
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Johns Hopkins University · Klinički Bolnički Centar Split · University of Split
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Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Johns Hopkins University · University of Edinburgh
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Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Jewish General Hospital · Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research · University of Edinburgh
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Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University · Jewish General Hospital · Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research
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Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University · University of Edinburgh
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Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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University of Maryland, Baltimore · Alzheimer Scotland · University of Edinburgh
Affiliation as printed
Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Baltimore, USA
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University of Copenhagen · University of Maryland, Baltimore · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
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University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Baltimore, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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University of Copenhagen · University of Freiburg · University Medical Center Freiburg · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Medicine IV – Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Johns Hopkins University · University of Freiburg · University Medical Center Freiburg
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medicine IV - Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Johns Hopkins University · Queen Mary University of London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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