Deep learning-based phenotyping reclassifies combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma

Nature Communications, vol. 14, pp. 8290

Abstract

Primary liver cancer arises either from hepatocytic or biliary lineage cells, giving rise to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA). Combined hepatocellular- cholangiocarcinomas (cHCC-CCA) exhibit equivocal or mixed features of both, causing diagnostic uncertainty and difficulty in determining proper management. Here, we perform a comprehensive deep learning-based phenotyping of multiple cohorts of patients. We show that deep learning can reproduce the diagnosis of HCC vs. CCA with a high performance. We analyze a series of 405 cHCC-CCA patients and demonstrate that the model can reclassify the tumors as HCC or ICCA, and that the predictions are consistent with clinical outcomes, genetic alterations and in situ spatial gene expression profiling. This type of approach could improve treatment decisions and ultimately clinical outcome for patients with rare and biphenotypic cancers such as cHCC-CCA.

Authors 85

1. Julien Caldéraro corresponding

   Inserm · Université Paris-Est Créteil · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor · Hôpital Albert-Chenevier · Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale · ERN RARE-LIVER

   Affiliation as printed

   Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Créteil, France. julien.calderaro@aphp.fr

   European Reference Network (ERN) RARE-LIVER, Créteil, France. julien.calderaro@aphp.fr

   Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France. julien.calderaro@aphp.fr

   Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Créteil, France. julien.calderaro@aphp.fr

   Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Créteil, France

2. Narmin Ghaffari Laleh Aachen Department of Medicine III

   Universitätsklinikum Aachen · Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health · Technische Universität Dresden · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen university, Aachen, Germany

   Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany

3. Qinghe Zeng

   Université Paris Cité · Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers · Laboratoire Informatique Paris Descartes

   Affiliation as printed

   Centre d'Histologie, d'Imagerie et de Cytométrie (CHIC), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France

   Laboratoire d'Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France

4. Pascale Maillé

   Inserm · Université Paris-Est Créteil · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor · Hôpital Albert-Chenevier · Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale

   Affiliation as printed

   Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Créteil, France

   Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France

   Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Créteil, France

5. Loëtitia Favre

   Inserm · Université Paris-Est Créteil · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor · Hôpital Albert-Chenevier · Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale

   Affiliation as printed

   Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Créteil, France

   Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France

   Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Créteil, France

6. Anaïs Pujals

   Inserm · Université Paris-Est Créteil · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor · Hôpital Albert-Chenevier · Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale

   Affiliation as printed

   Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Créteil, France

   Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France

   Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Créteil, France

7. Christophe Klein

   Inserm · Université Paris Cité · Sorbonne Université · Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers

   Affiliation as printed

   Centre d'Histologie, d'Imagerie et de Cytométrie (CHIC), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France

   INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France

8. Céline Bazille

   Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie

   Affiliation as printed

   Caen University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Caen, France

9. Lara Rosaline Heij Aachen Department of Surgery and Transplantation Institute of Pathology

   Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

   Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

10. Arnaud Uguen

    Inserm · Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest

    Affiliation as printed

    CHRU Brest, Department of Pathology, Brest, 29220, France

    Univ Brest, Inserm, CHU de Brest, LBAI, UMR1227, Brest, France

11. Tom Luedde

    Düsseldorf University Hospital · Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf

    Affiliation as printed

    Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

12. Luca Di Tommaso

    Humanitas University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, Humanitas University, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy

13. Aurélie Bèaufrere

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Inserm · Université Paris Cité · Hôpital Beaujon · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Beaujon University Hospital, Department of Pathology, F-92110, Clichy, France

    Université de Paris, Inflammation Research Center, Inserm, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, F-75018, Paris, France

    Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Beaujon University Hospital, Department of Pathology, F-92110, Clichy, France

14. Augustin Chatain

    Inserm

    Affiliation as printed

    Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France

15. Delphine Gastineau

    Inserm

    Affiliation as printed

    Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France

16. Công Trung Nguyễn

    Hanoi Medical University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, E Hospital, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam

17. Hiep Nguyen-Canh

    Kanazawa University · Bạch Mai Hospital

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan

    Pathology Center, Bachmai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam

18. Khuyen Nguyen Thi
    Affiliation as printed

    Pathology and Molecular biology Center, National Cancer Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam

19. Viviane Gnemmi

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille · CANTHER - Hétérogénéité, Plasticité et Résistance aux Thérapies des Cancers

    Affiliation as printed

    CHU Lille, Institute of Pathology, Lille, France

    University Lille, UMR9020-U1277, Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France

20. Rondell Patrell Graham

    Mayo Clinic

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA

21. Frédéric Charlotte

    Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Paris, France

22. Dominique Wendum

    Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpital Saint-Antoine

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Paris, France

23. Mukul Vij

    Bharath University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India

24. Daniela S. Allende

    Cleveland Clinic

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Hepatobiliary Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, L25, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA

25. Federico Aucejo

    Cleveland Clinic

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

26. Alba Díaz

    Hospital Clínic de Barcelona · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

27. Benjamin Rivière

    Hôpital Gui de Chauliac

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, Gui-de-Chauliac University Hospital, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France

28. Astrid Herrero

    Hôpital Gui de Chauliac

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Gui-de-Chauliac University Hospital, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France

29. Katja Evert

    University of Regensburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany

30. Diego Francesco Calvisi

    University of Regensburg

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany

31. Jérémy Augustin

    Inserm · Université Paris-Est Créteil · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor · Hôpital Albert-Chenevier · Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Créteil, France

    Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France

    Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Créteil, France

32. Wei Qiang Leow

    Singapore General Hospital

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

33. Howard H.W. Leung

    Chinese University of Hong Kong

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

34. Emmanuel Boleslawski

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille

    Affiliation as printed

    CHU Lille, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Lille, France

35. Mohamed Rela

    Bharath University

    Affiliation as printed

    Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India

36. Arnaud François
    Affiliation as printed

    Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Rouen, France

37. Anthony Wing-Hung

    Chinese University of Hong Kong

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

38. Alejandro Forner

    Hospital Clínic de Barcelona · Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

39. María Reig

    Hospital Clínic de Barcelona · Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

40. Manon Allaire

    Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Hepatology, Paris, France

41. Olivier Scatton

    Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Paris, France

42. Denis Chatelain

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Département de Pathologie, Amiens, France

43. Camille Boulagnon‐Rombi

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims

    Affiliation as printed

    Reims University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Reims, France

44. Nathalie Stürm

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble · Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Grenoble, France

    Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5525, La Tronche, France

45. Benjamin Menahem

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie

    Affiliation as printed

    Caen University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Caen, France

46. É. Frouin

    Université de Poitiers · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers · Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Épithéliaux et Cytokines

    Affiliation as printed

    LITEC, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France

    Poitiers University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Poitiers, France

47. David Tougeron

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers

    Affiliation as printed

    Poitiers University Hospital, Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Oncology, Poitiers, France

48. Christophe Tournigand

    Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor · Hôpital Albert-Chenevier

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Créteil, France

49. Emmanuelle Kempf

    Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor · Hôpital Albert-Chenevier

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Créteil, France

50. Haeryoung Kim

    Seoul National University · Seoul National University Hospital

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

51. Massih Ningarhari

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille

    Affiliation as printed

    CHU Lille, Department of Hepatology, Lille, France

52. Sophie Michalak-Provost

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers

    Affiliation as printed

    Angers University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Angers, France

53. Purva Gopal

    The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

54. Raffaele Brustia

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Créteil, France

55. Éric Vibert

    Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Paris, France

56. Kornelius Schulze

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

57. Darius F. Rüther

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

58. Sören Alexander Weidemann

    University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

59. Rami Rhaiem

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims

    Affiliation as printed

    Reims University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Reims, France

60. Jean–Michel Pawlotsky

    Inserm · Université Paris-Est Créteil · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Paris, France

    Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France

    Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Créteil, France

61. Xuchen Zhang

    Yale University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

62. Alain Luciani

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Department of Medical Imaging, Créteil, France

63. Sebastien Mulé

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Department of Medical Imaging, Créteil, France

64. Alexis Laurent

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Créteil, France

65. Giuliana Amaddeo

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Department of Hepatology, Créteil, France

66. Hélène Regnault

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Department of Hepatology, Créteil, France

67. Eléonora De Martin

    Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Department of Hepatology, Paris, France

68. Christine Sempoux

    Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois · University of Lausanne

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland

69. Pooja Navale

    Washington University in St. Louis

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

70. Maria A. Westerhoff

    University of Michigan

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

71. Regina Cheuk‐Lam Lo

    University of Hong Kong

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China

    State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, (The University of Hong Kong), Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China

72. Jan Bednarsch Aachen Department of Surgery and Transplantation

    Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

73. Annette Gouw

    University Medical Center Groningen

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

74. Catherine Guettier Aachen Department of Surgery and Transplantation

    University Medical Center Groningen · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Universitätsklinikum Aachen · Hôpital Paul-Brousse · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Villejuif, France

    Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

75. Marie Lequoy

    Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpital Saint-Antoine

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Department of Hepatology, Paris, France

76. Kenichi Harada

    Kanazawa University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan

77. Pimsiri Sripongpun

    Prince of Songkla University

    Affiliation as printed

    Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand

78. Poowadon Wetwittayaklang

    Prince of Songkla University

    Affiliation as printed

    Prince of Songkla University, Department of Pathology, Hat Yai, Thailand

79. Nicolas Loménie

    Université Paris Cité · Laboratoire Informatique Paris Descartes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d'Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France

80. Jarukit Tantipisit

    Prince of Songkla University

    Affiliation as printed

    Prince of Songkla University, Department of Pathology, Hat Yai, Thailand

81. Apichat Kaewdech

    Prince of Songkla University

    Affiliation as printed

    Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand

82. Jeanne Shen

    Stanford Medicine · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, Stanford University, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA

    Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

83. Valérie Paradis

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Inserm · Université Paris Cité · Hôpital Beaujon · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Beaujon University Hospital, Department of Pathology, F-92110, Clichy, France

    Université de Paris, Inflammation Research Center, Inserm, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, F-75018, Paris, France

84. Stefano Caruso

    Inserm · Université Paris-Est Créteil · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor · Hôpital Albert-Chenevier · Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale

    Affiliation as printed

    Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Créteil, France

    Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France

    Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Créteil, France

85. Jakob Nikolas Kather corresponding

    Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg · National Center for Tumor Diseases · Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health · Technische Universität Dresden

    Affiliation as printed

    Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de

    Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de

    Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany