Renocardiac Effects of p-Cresyl Sulfate Administration in Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Unilateral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury In Vivo

Toxins, vol. 15, pp. 649

Abstract

The precise mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular complications due to acute kidney injury (AKI) and the retention of uremic toxins like p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the renocardiac effects of PCS administration in animals subjected to AKI induced by ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. C57BL6 mice were subjected to distinct protocols: (i) administration with PCS (20, 40, or 60 mg/L/day) for 15 days and (ii) AKI due to unilateral IR injury associated with PCS administration for 15 days. The 20 mg/L dose of PCS led to a decrease in renal mass, an increase in the gene expression of Cystatin C and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), and a decrease in the α-actin in the heart. During AKI, PCS increased the renal injury biomarkers compared to control; however, it did not exacerbate these markers. Furthermore, PCS did not enhance the cardiac hypertrophy observed after 15 days of IR. An increase, but not potentialized, in the cardiac levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the IR group treated with PCS, as well as in the injured kidney, was also noticed. In short, PCS administration did not intensify kidney injury, inflammation, and cardiac outcomes after AKI.

Authors 9

1. Carlos Alexandre Falconi

   Universidade Federal do ABC

   Affiliation as printed

   Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil

2. Fernanda Fogaça-Ruiz

   Universidade Federal do ABC

   Affiliation as printed

   Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil

3. Jéssica Verônica da Silva

   Universidade Federal do ABC

   Affiliation as printed

   Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil

4. Raquel Silva Neres-Santos

   Universidade Federal do ABC

   Affiliation as printed

   Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil

5. Carmen Lucía Sanz

   Universidade Federal do Paraná

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, PR, Brazil

6. Lia S. Nakao

   Universidade Federal do Paraná

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, PR, Brazil

7. Andréa Emília Marques Stinghen

   Universidade Federal do Paraná

   Affiliation as printed

   Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil

8. Carolina Victória Cruz Junho corresponding Aachen Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research

   RWTH Aachen University · Universitätsklinikum Aachen · Universidade Federal do ABC

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany

   Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil

9. Marcela Sorelli Carneiro‐Ramos corresponding

   Universidade Federal do ABC

   Affiliation as printed

   Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil