Diffusion‐weighted MR spectroscopy: Consensus, recommendations, and resources from acquisition to modeling
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 91, pp. 860–885
Abstract
Brain cell structure and function reflect neurodevelopment, plasticity, and aging; and changes can help flag pathological processes such as neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Accurate and quantitative methods to noninvasively disentangle cellular structural features are needed and are a substantial focus of brain research. Diffusion-weighted MRS (dMRS) gives access to diffusion properties of endogenous intracellular brain metabolites that are preferentially located inside specific brain cell populations. Despite its great potential, dMRS remains a challenging technique on all levels: from the data acquisition to the analysis, quantification, modeling, and interpretation of results. These challenges were the motivation behind the organization of the Lorentz Center workshop on "Best Practices & Tools for Diffusion MR Spectroscopy" held in Leiden, the Netherlands, in September 2021. During the workshop, the dMRS community established a set of recommendations to execute robust dMRS studies. This paper provides a description of the steps needed for acquiring, processing, fitting, and modeling dMRS data, and provides links to useful resources.
Authors 27
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Clémence Ligneul corresponding
University of Oxford · Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Affiliation as printed
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Chloé Najac Aachen C.J. Gorter MRI Center Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
C.J. Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
C.J. Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Centre d'Imagerie BioMedicale · Cardiff University
Affiliation as printed
CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging Lausanne Switzerland
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology Cardiff University Cardiff UK
CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology University of Alberta Alberta Edmonton Canada
Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Inserm · Sorbonne Université · Institut du Cerveau
Affiliation as printed
Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne University, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 Paris France
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University of Oxford · Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Affiliation as printed
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Centre d'Imagerie BioMedicale · École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging Lausanne Switzerland
CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology University of Minnesota Minnesota Minneapolis USA
Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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University of Oxford · Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Affiliation as printed
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois · University of Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland
Faculty of Biology and Medicine University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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TUM Klinikum · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
MR Methodology, Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
Translational Imaging Center (TIC) Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine Bern Switzerland
MR Methodology, Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
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Amager Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Technical University of Denmark
Affiliation as printed
Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research Copenhagen University Hospital–Amager anf Hvidovre Hvidovre Denmark
Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research Copenhagen University Hospital–Amager anf Hvidovre Hvidovre Denmark
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology University of Minnesota Minnesota Minneapolis USA
Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Affiliation as printed
NMR Methods & Development Group Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany
NMR Methods & Development Group Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany
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Centre d'Imagerie BioMedicale · École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging Lausanne Switzerland
LIFMET, EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives · Molecular Imaging Research Center
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoires des Maladies Neurodégénératives Fontenay‐aux‐Roses France
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology University of New Mexico School of Medicine New Mexico Albuquerque USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy University of New Mexico School of Medicine New Mexico Albuquerque USA
Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
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TUM Klinikum · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology Cardiff University Cardiff UK
School of Computer Science and Informatics Cardiff University Cardiff UK
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund Lund University Lund Sweden
Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemical and Biological Physics The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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University Medical Center Utrecht · Cardiff University
Affiliation as printed
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom
University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kennedy Krieger Institute · Johns Hopkins University · Johns Hopkins Medicine
Affiliation as printed
F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging Kennedy Krieger Institute Maryland Baltimore USA
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Maryland Baltimore USA
F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Maryland, Baltimore, USA
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology Cardiff University Cardiff UK
School of Computer Science and Informatics Cardiff University Cardiff UK
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Brighton and Sussex Medical School
Affiliation as printed
Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre Brighton and Sussex Medical School Brighton UK
Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives · Molecular Imaging Research Center
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoires des Maladies Neurodégénératives Fontenay‐aux‐Roses France
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