ThePlanckclusters in the LOFAR sky
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 680, pp. A30
Abstract
Context.Many galaxy clusters show diffuse cluster-scale emission in the form of radio halos, showing that magnetic fields and relativistic electrons are mixed in with the intracluster medium. There is in general agreement with the idea that the origin of radio halos is connected to turbulence generated during cluster mergers. Statistical studies of large samples of galaxy clusters in the radio band have the potential to unveil the connection between the properties of radio halos and the mass and dynamics of the host clusters. Aims.Previous studies were limited to massive clusters and were based on a small number of radio halos. The aim of this paper is to investigate the scaling relation between the radio power of radio halos and the mass of the host clusters at low frequencies and down to lower cluster masses. Methods.We analysed the clusters from the second catalogue ofPlanckSunyaev–Zel’dovich sources that lie within the 5634 deg2covered by the second Data Release of the LOFAR Two-meter Sky Survey. We derived the correlation between radio power and host cluster mass, and investigated the distribution of clusters without radio halos with respect to this correlation. We used X-ray observations to classify the dynamical state of clusters and investigated its effect on the power of radio halos. Results.Using different fitting methods, we found a correlation between the power of a radio halo at 150 MHz and the mass of its host cluster down to 3 × 1014 M⊙. For comparison with previous works, with the Bivariate Correlated Errors and intrinsic Scatter (BCES)Y|Xmethod, we obtained the slope of the correlationB = 3.55 ± 0.60 and the normalisationA = 1.1 ± 0.1. This correlation has a large scatter, part of which can be attributed to the different dynamical states of host clusters. We used two statistical tests to show that the distribution of clusters with and without (upper limits) radio halos in the mass–radio power diagram is not compatible with a single correlation and that it is also not compatible with clusters being uniformly distributed below the correlation.
Authors 20
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Universität Hamburg · Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
INAF -IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF -IRA , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
INAF -IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF -Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio , Via P. Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
INFN , Sezione di Bologna , Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
INAF -Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, Via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF -IRA , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
INAF -IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF -IRA , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
INAF -IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON , the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy , Postbus 2 , 7990 AA Dwingeloo , The Netherlands
Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , PO Box 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Bologna , Via P. Gobetti 93/2 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
INAF -IRA , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INAF -IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF -IASF Milano , Via A. Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
INAF -IASF Milano, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF -IASF Milano , Via A. Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
INAF -IASF Milano, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstrasse 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Leiden University · Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe · Leiden Observatory · Space Research Organisation Netherlands · The University of Tokyo
Affiliation as printed
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte , Universität Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112 , 21029 Hamburg , Germany
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , PO Box 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte , Universität Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112 , 21029 Hamburg , Germany
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
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Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Niels Bohrweg 4 , 2333 CA Leiden , The Netherlands
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Bologna , Via P. Gobetti 93/2 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
INAF -IRA , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INAF -IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Universität Hamburg · Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte , Universität Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112 , 21029 Hamburg , Germany
INAF -IRA , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
INAF -IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF -IRA , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
INAF -IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , PO Box 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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