PDRs4All

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 685, pp. A73

Abstract

Context. TheJames WebbSpace Telescope (JWST) has captured the most detailed and sharpest infrared (IR) images ever taken of the inner region of the Orion Nebula, the nearest massive star formation region, and a prototypical highly irradiated dense photo-dissociation region (PDR). Aims. We investigate the fundamental interaction of far-ultraviolet (FUV) photons with molecular clouds. The transitions across the ionization front (IF), dissociation front (DF), and the molecular cloud are studied at high-angular resolution. These transitions are relevant to understanding the effects of radiative feedback from massive stars and the dominant physical and chemical processes that lead to the IR emission that JWST will detect in many Galactic and extragalactic environments. Methods. We utilized NIRCam and MIRI to obtain sub-arcsecond images over ~150″ and 42″ in key gas phase lines (e.g., Paα, Brα, [FeII] 1.64 µm, H21−0 S(1) 2.12 µm, 0–0 S(9) 4.69 µm), aromatic and aliphatic infrared bands (aromatic infrared bands at 3.3–3.4 µm, 7.7, and 11.3 µm), dust emission, and scattered light. Their emission are powerful tracers of the IF and DF, FUV radiation field and density distribution. Using NIRSpec observations the fractional contributions of lines, AIBs, and continuum emission to our NIRCam images were estimated. A very good agreement is found for the distribution and intensity of lines and AIBs between the NIRCam and NIRSpec observations. Results. Due to the proximity of the Orion Nebula and the unprecedented angular resolution of JWST, these data reveal that the molecular cloud borders are hyper structured at small angular scales of ~0.1–1″ (~0.0002–0.002 pc or ~40–400 au at 414 pc). A diverse set of features are observed such as ridges, waves, globules and photoevaporated protoplanetary disks. At the PDR atomic to molecular transition, several bright features are detected that are associated with the highly irradiated surroundings of the dense molecular condensations and embedded young star. Toward the Orion Bar PDR, a highly sculpted interface is detected with sharp edges and density increases near the IF and DF. This was predicted by previous modeling studies, but the fronts were unresolved in most tracers. The spatial distribution of the AIBs reveals that the PDR edge is steep and is followed by an extensive warm atomic layer up to the DF with multiple ridges. A complex, structured, and folded H0/H2DF surface was traced by the H2lines. This dataset was used to revisit the commonly adopted 2D PDR structure of the Orion Bar as our observations show that a 3D “terraced” geometry is required to explain the JWST observations. JWST provides us with a complete view of the PDR, all the way from the PDR edge to the substructured dense region, and this allowed us to determine, in detail, where the emission of the atomic and molecular lines, aromatic bands, and dust originate. Conclusions. This study offers an unprecedented dataset to benchmark and transform PDR physico-chemical and dynamical models for the JWST era. A fundamental step forward in our understanding of the interaction of FUV photons with molecular clouds and the role of FUV irradiation along the star formation sequence is provided.

Authors 98

1. E. Habart

   Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

   Affiliation as printed

   IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

2. E. Peeters

   Haga Hospital

   Affiliation as printed

   Haga Teaching Hospital [Hague] (HagaZiekenhuis Leyweg 275 2545 CH The Hague - Netherlands)

3. Olivier Berné

   Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

   Affiliation as printed

   IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

4. Boris Trahin

   Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique

   Affiliation as printed

   IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

   LESIA - Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (5, place Jules Janssen 92190 MEUDON - France)

5. Amélie Canin

   Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

   Affiliation as printed

   IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

6. Ryan Chown

   Western University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada;

   Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of West-ern Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada

7. Ameek Sidhu

   Western University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada;

   Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of West-ern Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada

8. Dries Van De Putte

   Ghent University Hospital

   Affiliation as printed

   Ghent University Hospital (De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium - Belgium)

9. Felipe Alarcón

   University of Michigan

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

10. Ilane Schroetter

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

11. Emmanuel Dartois

    Université Paris-Saclay · Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay

    Affiliation as printed

    ISMO - Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex - France)

12. S. Vicente

    Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Tapada da Ajuda, Edifício Leste, 2 • Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

13. A. Abergel

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

14. Edwin A. Bergin

    University of Michigan

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy [Ann Arbor] (1085 S. University, 311 West Hall , Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1107 - United States)

15. Jeronimo Bernard-Salas

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

16. Christiaan Boersma

    Ames Research Center

    Affiliation as printed

    ARC - NASA Ames Research Center (Moffett Field, California 94035 - United States)

17. Émeric Bron

    Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

18. J. Cami

    Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

19. Sara Cuadrado

    Instituto de Física Fundamental

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física Fundamental (CSIC), Calle Serrano 121-123, 28006, Madrid, Spain

20. Daniel Dicken

    Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale · CEA Paris-Saclay

    Affiliation as printed

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

21. M. Elyajouri

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

22. Asunción Fuente

    Spanish National Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN,IGN), Alfonso XII, 3, E-28014 Madrid, Spain

23. Javier R. Goicoechea

    Instituto de Física Fundamental

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física Fundamental (CSIC), Calle Serrano 121-123, 28006, Madrid, Spain

24. Karl D. Gordon

    Space Telescope Science Institute · Ghent University

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Balti-more, MD, 21218, USA

    Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium

25. Lina Issa

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université Toulouse III -Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

26. C. Joblin

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

27. Olga Kannavou

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

28. Baria Khan

    Western University · Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

    Affiliation as printed

    Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, 339 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada;

    Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of West-ern Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada

29. Ozan Lacinbala

    KU Leuven

    Affiliation as printed

    Quantum Solid State Physics (QSP), Celestijnenlaan 200d -box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

30. David Languignon

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS,

    Sorbonne Universités, F-92190 Meudon, France

31. Romane Le Gal

    Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble

    Affiliation as printed

    IPAG - Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (414, Rue de la Piscine BP 53 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 - France)

    IRAM - Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (300 rue de la Piscine, Domaine Universitaire 38406 Saint Martin d'Hères - France)

32. Alexandros Maragkoudakis

    Ames Research Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA

33. Raphaël Meshaka

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

34. Yoko Okada

    University of Cologne

    Affiliation as printed

    I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany

35. Takashi Onaka

    Meisei University · The University of Tokyo

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The Uni-versity of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

    Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meisei University, 2-1-1 Hodokubo, Hino, Tokyo 191-8506, Japan

36. Sofia Pasquini

    Western University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada;

37. Marc W. Pound

    University of Michigan

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

38. Massimo Robberto

    Space Telescope Science Institute · Johns Hopkins University

    Affiliation as printed

    Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA

    Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Balti-more, MD, 21218, USA

39. Markus Röllig

    Goethe University Frankfurt

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Angewandte Physik. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Physikalischer Verein -Gesellschaft für Bildung und Wissenschaft, Robert-Mayer-Straße 2, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

40. Bethany R. Schefter

    Western University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada;

    Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of West-ern Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada

41. Thiébaut Schirmer

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

42. Benoît Tabone

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

43. Alexander G. G. M. Tielens Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · University of Colorado Boulder · Université Paris-Saclay · Sorbonne Université · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure · Département d'Informatique · Université Paris Diderot · Leiden Observatory · University of Maryland, College Park · University of Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 29 Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA 30 AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 31 Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS 1303, Pinheirinho, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil 32 Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA 33 Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technol-ogy Organisation (ANSTO), Victoria, Australia 34 INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy 35 Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA 36 Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France 37 Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Col-orado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA 38 Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA 39 Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA 40 Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands 41 Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands 42 DST INSPIRE School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hy-derabad, Telangana 500046, India 43 Department of Physics, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA 44 Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy (API), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Nether-lands 45 Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands 46 Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Uni-versité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, Bâtiment 104, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

44. Marion Zannese

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

45. N. Ysard

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

46. M.-A. Miville-Deschênes

    Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay

    Affiliation as printed

    CEA - CEA- Saclay (CEA-Saclay Service de Physique Nucléaire 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette - France)

47. Isabel Aleman
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

48. L. J. Allamandola

    Ames Research Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA

49. Rebecca Auchettl
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

50. G. A. Baratta
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

51. Salma Bejaoui
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

52. Partha Pratim Bera
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

53. J. H. Black

    Chalmers University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers Univer-sity of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden

54. F. Boulanger
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

55. Jordy Bouwman
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

56. Bernhard R. Brandl Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · University of Colorado Boulder · Université Paris-Saclay · Sorbonne Université · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure · Département d'Informatique · Université Paris Diderot · Leiden Observatory · University of Maryland, College Park · University of Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 29 Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA 30 AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 31 Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS 1303, Pinheirinho, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil 32 Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA 33 Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technol-ogy Organisation (ANSTO), Victoria, Australia 34 INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy 35 Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA 36 Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France 37 Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Col-orado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA 38 Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA 39 Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA 40 Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands 41 Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands 42 DST INSPIRE School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hy-derabad, Telangana 500046, India 43 Department of Physics, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA 44 Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy (API), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Nether-lands 45 Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands 46 Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Uni-versité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, Bâtiment 104, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

57. Philippe Bréchignac
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

58. Sandra Brünken
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

59. Mridusmita Buragohain
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

60. Andrew M. Burkhardt
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

61. Alessandra Candian
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

62. Stéphanie M. Cazaux
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

63. J. Cernicharo

    Instituto de Física Fundamental

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física Fundamental (CSIC), Calle Serrano 121-123, 28006, Madrid, Spain

64. M. Chabot

    Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie

    Affiliation as printed

    IJCLab - Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (Bât. 100 et 200, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau 91405 Orsay - France)

65. Shubhadip Chakraborty

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Physique de Rennes · Université Rennes 1 · Université de Rennes · GITAM University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Chemistry, GITAM school of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bangalore, India

    Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France

66. Jason Champion
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

67. Sean W. J. Colgan
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

68. Ilsa R. Cooke

    University of British Columbia

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

69. A. Coutens

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

70. N. L. J. Cox
    Affiliation as printed

    ACRI-ST, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche de Grasse (CERGA), 10 Av. Nicolas Copernic, F-06130 Grasse, France

    INCLASS Common Laboratory., 10 Av. Nicolas Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France

71. Karine Demyk

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

72. Sacha Foschino
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

73. Pedro García-Lario

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC/ESA), Villanueva de la Cañada, E-28692 Madrid, Spain

74. Lisseth Gavilan
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

75. Maryvonne Gérin

    Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    LERMA, 75014, Paris, France

    Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université,

76. C. A. Gottlieb

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA

77. P. Guillard

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris

    Affiliation as printed

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

78. Antoine Gusdorf

    Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

79. Patrick M. Hartigan

    Rice University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston TX, 77005-1892, USA

80. Jinhua He

    Chinese Academy of Sciences · Yunnan Observatories · National Astronomical Observatories · University of Chile

    Affiliation as printed

    Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astron-omy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

    Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile

    Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yang-fangwang, Guandu District, Kunming, 650216, China

81. Eric Herbst

    University of Virginia

    Affiliation as printed

    Departments of Chemistry and Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA

82. Liv Hornekær

    Aarhus University

    Affiliation as printed

    InterCat and Dept. Physics and Astron., Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

83. Cornelia Jäger

    Friedrich Schiller University Jena

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the Max Planck Institute for As-tronomy at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany

84. E. Janot-Pacheco

    Universidade de São Paulo

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Uni-versidade de São Paulo, 05509-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil

85. Michael J. Kaufman

    San Jose State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA

86. Francisca Kemper

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    ICREA, Pg

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), E

    Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, CSIC), Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

87. Sarah Kendrew
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

88. Maria S. Kirsanova
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

89. Pamela Klaassen

    Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

90. Sun Kwok
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

91. Alvaro Labiano
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

92. Thomas S. -Y. Lai
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

93. Timothy J. Lee
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

94. Bertrand Lefloch

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France

95. Franck Le Petit

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS,

    Sorbonne Universités, F-92190 Meudon, France

96. Aigen Li
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

97. Hendrik Linz
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

98. Cameron J. Mackie
    Affiliation as printed

    *ıs Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain