A

Refining the IceCube detector geometry using muon and LED calibration data

International Cosmic Ray Conference, pp. 988

Abstract

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory deployed 5160 digital optical modules (DOMs) on 86 cables, called strings, in a cubic kilometer of deep glacial ice below the geographic South Pole. These record the Cherenkov light of passing charged particles. Knowledge of the DOM positions is vital for event reconstruction. While vertical positions have been calibrated, previous in-situ geometry calibration methods have been unable to measure horizontal deviations from the surface positions, largely due to degeneracies with ice model uncertainties. Thus the lateral position of the surface position of each hole is to date in almost all cases used as the lateral position of all DOMs on a given string. With the recent advances in ice modeling, two new in-situ measurements have now been undertaken. Using a large sample of muon tracks, the individual positions of all DOMs on a small number of strings around the center of the detector have been fitted. Verifying the results against LED calibration data shows that the string-average corrections improve detector modeling. Directly fitting string-average geometry corrections for the full array using LED data agrees with the average corrections as derived from muons where available. Analyses are now ongoing to obtain per-DOM positions using both methods and in addition, methods are being developed to correct the recorded arrival times for the expected scattering delay, allowing for multilateration of the positions using nanosecond-precision propagation delays.

Authors 99

  1. Stockholm University · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany

    Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden

  2. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  3. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  4. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  5. Université Libre de Bruxelles

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

  6. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  7. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  8. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  9. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  10. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  11. Harvard University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

  12. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  13. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  14. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  15. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  16. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  17. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  18. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  19. University of California, Berkeley

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  20. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  21. Ruhr University Bochum

    Affiliation as printed

    Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany

  22. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  23. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  24. Stockholm University · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany

    Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden

  25. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  26. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  27. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  28. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  29. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  30. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  31. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  32. Harvard University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

  33. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  34. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  35. Stockholm University · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany

    Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden

  36. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  37. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  38. Georgia Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

  39. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  40. The University of Adelaide · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia

    III. Institute of Physics B, RWTH Aachen University, Germany

  41. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  42. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  43. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  44. Harvard University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

  45. The University of Adelaide · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia

    III. Institute of Physics B, RWTH Aachen University, Germany

  46. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  47. Université Libre de Bruxelles

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

  48. Georgia Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

  49. Georgia Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

  50. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  51. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  52. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  53. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  54. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  55. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

  56. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  57. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  58. Vrije Universiteit Brussel

    Affiliation as printed

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

  59. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  60. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  61. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  62. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  63. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  64. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  65. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  66. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  67. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  68. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  69. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  70. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  71. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  72. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  73. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  74. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  75. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  76. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  77. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  78. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  79. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  80. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  81. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  82. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  83. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  84. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  85. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  86. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  87. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  88. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  89. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  90. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  91. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany

  92. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  93. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  94. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  95. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

  96. Ruhr University Bochum

    Affiliation as printed

    Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany

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