Cluster Headache Genomewide Association Study and Meta‐Analysis Identifies Eight Loci and Implicates Smoking as Causal Risk Factor
Annals of Neurology, vol. 94, pp. 713–726
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to aggregate data for the first genomewide association study meta-analysis of cluster headache, to identify genetic risk variants, and gain biological insights. METHODS: A total of 4,777 cases (3,348 men and 1,429 women) with clinically diagnosed cluster headache were recruited from 10 European and 1 East Asian cohorts. We first performed an inverse-variance genomewide association meta-analysis of 4,043 cases and 21,729 controls of European ancestry. In a secondary trans-ancestry meta-analysis, we included 734 cases and 9,846 controls of East Asian ancestry. Candidate causal genes were prioritized by 5 complementary methods: expression quantitative trait loci, transcriptome-wide association, fine-mapping of causal gene sets, genetically driven DNA methylation, and effects on protein structure. Gene set and tissue enrichment analyses, genetic correlation, genetic risk score analysis, and Mendelian randomization were part of the downstream analyses. RESULTS: The estimated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability of cluster headache was 14.5%. We identified 9 independent signals in 7 genomewide significant loci in the primary meta-analysis, and one additional locus in the trans-ethnic meta-analysis. Five of the loci were previously known. The 20 genes prioritized as potentially causal for cluster headache showed enrichment to artery and brain tissue. Cluster headache was genetically correlated with cigarette smoking, risk-taking behavior, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and musculoskeletal pain. Mendelian randomization analysis indicated a causal effect of cigarette smoking intensity on cluster headache. Three of the identified loci were shared with migraine. INTERPRETATION: This first genomewide association study meta-analysis gives clues to the biological basis of cluster headache and indicates that smoking is a causal risk factor. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:713-726.
Authors 93
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Oslo University Hospital · Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Aster V. E. Harder Aachen Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands Department of Human Genetics Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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University of Copenhagen · Glostrup Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup University of Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup Denmark
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas · University of Cologne · Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche · Hospital El Cruce · University Hospital Cologne
Affiliation as printed
Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
Neurosciences and Complex Systems Unit (EnyS), CONICET, Hospital El Cruce 'N. Kirchner' National University A. Jauretche (UNAJ) Florencio Varela Argentina
Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Neurosciences and Complex Systems Unit (EnyS), CONICET, Hospital El Cruce 'N. Kirchner', National University A. Jauretche (UNAJ), Florencio Varela, Argentina
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Affiliation as printed
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry Uniklinik Köln Cologne Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology University of Bologna Bologna Italy
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Oslo University Hospital · Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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University of Copenhagen · Glostrup Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup University of Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup Denmark
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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Lisanne S. Vijfhuizen Aachen Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology University College London London UK
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Affiliation as printed
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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University of Helsinki · Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland · HiLIFE – Elämäntieteiden Instituutti
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University · Taipei Veterans General Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Brain Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
Department of Neurology Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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University of Copenhagen · Glostrup Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup University of Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup Denmark
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca
Affiliation as printed
Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Departament de Medicina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
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Irene de Boer Aachen Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Affiliation as printed
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre Kiel Germany
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre, Kiel, Germany
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University of Copenhagen · Glostrup Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup University of Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup Denmark
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology · St Olav's University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
BioCore–Bioinformatics Core Facility Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Clinic of Laboratory Medicine St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital Trondheim Norway
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
BioCore–Bioinformatics Core Facility Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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University of Helsinki · Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland · HiLIFE – Elämäntieteiden Instituutti
Affiliation as printed
Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
Department of Public Health University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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University of Helsinki · Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland · HiLIFE – Elämäntieteiden Instituutti
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca · Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari · Universitat de Barcelona
Affiliation as printed
Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
Department of Psychiatry Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
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Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena
Affiliation as printed
AOU Policlinico Modena Modena University Hospital Modena Italy
AOU Policlinico Modena, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
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UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology University College London London UK
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology University College London London UK
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre Kiel Germany
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre, Kiel, Germany
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University of Antwerp · VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology
Affiliation as printed
Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB Antwerp Belgium
Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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University of Copenhagen · Rigshospitalet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Immunology, Centre of Diagnostic Investigation Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
Department of Clinical Immunology, Centre of Diagnostic Investigation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zealand University Hospital Køge
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Immunology Zealand University Hospital Køge Denmark
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Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo · Norwegian University of Science and Technology · Akershus University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of General Practice University of Oslo Oslo Norway
Department of Neurology Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog Norway
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo · Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca · Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari · Universitat de Barcelona
Affiliation as printed
Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
Department of Psychiatry Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
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National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery · UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Headache and Facial Pain Group University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery London UK
Headache and Facial Pain Group, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena
Affiliation as printed
AOU Policlinico Modena Modena University Hospital Modena Italy
AOU Policlinico Modena, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
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UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology University College London London UK
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology University College London London UK
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein · University of Lübeck
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein Lübeck Germany
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre Kiel Germany
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre, Kiel, Germany
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University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein · University of Lübeck
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein Lübeck Germany
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre Kiel Germany
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre, Kiel, Germany
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Human Genetics University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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University of Bonn · University Hospital Bonn
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology Zuyderland Hospital Heerlen The Netherlands
Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Hospital, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery · UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Headache and Facial Pain Group University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery London UK
Headache and Facial Pain Group, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery · UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Headache and Facial Pain Group University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery London UK
Headache and Facial Pain Group, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Affiliation as printed
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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Frits Richard Rosendaal Aachen Department of Clinical Epidemiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Department of Clinical Epidemiology
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Epidemiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ko Willems van Dijk Aachen Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Rolf Fronczek Aachen Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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University Hospital Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Bonn) Bonn Germany
Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Bonn), Bonn, Germany
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Affiliation as printed
Department of Primary Medical Care University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
Department of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre Kiel Germany
Kiel Migraine and Headache Centre, Kiel, Germany
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University of Antwerp · VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology
Affiliation as printed
Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB Antwerp Belgium
Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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University of Modena and Reggio Emilia · University of Miami
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Miami Miami FL
Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca · Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari
Affiliation as printed
Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
Department of Psychiatry Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine University of Thessaly Volos Greece
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
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Karolinska University Hospital · Karolinska Institutet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
Department of Neurology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Danderyds sjukhus · Karolinska Institutet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
Department of Neurology Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Neurology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Affiliation as printed
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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Affiliation as printed
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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St George's, University of London · King's College London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London London UK
Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute St. George's, University of London London UK
Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London London UK
Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London London UK
Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London London UK
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UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology University College London London UK
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Raymond Noordam Aachen Department of Internal Medicine Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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deCODE Genetics (Iceland) · University of Iceland
Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Karolinska University Hospital · Karolinska Institutet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
Department of Neurology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology · St Olav's University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital Trondheim Norway
Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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University of Copenhagen · Glostrup Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup University of Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup Denmark
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University · Taipei Veterans General Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Brain Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
Department of Medical Research, Division of Translational Research Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Medical Research, Division of Translational Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology University College London London UK
Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Gisela Marie Terwindt Aachen Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Human Genetics University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology University of Bologna Bologna Italy
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Glyfada Headache Center Glyfada Greece
Glyfada Headache Center, Glyfada, Greece
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca · Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari
Affiliation as printed
Headache Unit, Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Departament de Medicina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Departament de Medicina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery · UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology · University College London
Affiliation as printed
Headache and Facial Pain Group University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery London UK
Headache and Facial Pain Group, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg Aachen Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands Department of Human Genetics Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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University of Copenhagen · Glostrup Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Rigshospitalet
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup University of Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup Denmark
Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center · University of Cologne · University Hospital Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases · University Hospital Cologne
Affiliation as printed
Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany
Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Bonn) Bonn Germany
Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio TX
Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Bonn), Bonn, Germany
Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio TX
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John‐Anker Zwart corresponding
Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo · Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHEAD), Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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