Diffusion-weighted MR spectroscopy: consensus, recommendations and resources from acquisition to modelling
Abstract
Brain cell structure and function reflect neurodevelopment, plasticity and ageing, and changes can help flag pathological processes such as neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Accurate and quantitative methods to non-invasively disentangle cellular structural features are needed and are a substantial focus of brain research. Diffusion-weighted MR spectroscopy (dMRS) gives access to diffusion properties of endogenous intracellular brain metabolites that are preferentially located inside specific brain cell populations. Despite its great potential, dMRS remains a challenging technique on all levels: from the data acquisition to the analysis, quantification, modelling and interpretation of results. These challenges were the motivation behind the organisation of the Lorentz Workshop on 'Best Practices and Tools for Diffusion MR Spectroscopy' held in Leiden in September 2021. During the workshop, the dMRS community established a set of recommendations to execute robust dMRS studies. This paper provides a description of the steps needed for acquiring, processing, fitting and modelling dMRS data and provides links to useful resources.
Authors 27
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University of Oxford · Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Affiliation as printed
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging , FMRIB , Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Oxford ;
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Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
C.J. Gorter MRI Center , Department of Radiology , Leiden University Medical Center , The Netherlands ;
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Affiliation as printed
Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada;
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Inserm · Sorbonne Université
Affiliation as printed
Paris Brain Institute -ICM , Sorbonne University , UMR S 1127 , Inserm U 1127 , CNRS UMR 7225 , F-75013 , Paris , France;
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University of Oxford · Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Affiliation as printed
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging , FMRIB , Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Oxford ;
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Centre d'Imagerie BioMedicale · École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Animal Imaging and Technology , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland;
CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging , Switzerland;
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Magnetic Resonance Research , Department of Radiology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA;
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University of Oxford · Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Affiliation as printed
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging , FMRIB , Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Oxford ;
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Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois · University of Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology , Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland;
Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland;
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Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany;
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Affiliation as printed
MR Methodology , Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology , University of Bern , Switzerland;
Translational Imaging Center (TIC) , Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine , Bern , Switzerland;
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Hvidovre Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Technical University of Denmark
Affiliation as printed
Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance , Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research , Copenhagen University Hospital -Amager anf Hvidovre , Denmark;
Department for Health Technology , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark;
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay , CEA , CNRS ,
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University of New Mexico · Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Fontenay-aux-roses
Affiliation as printed
MIRCen , Laboratoires des Maladies Neurodégénératives , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France; Department of Neurology ,
University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque , NM 87131 ; Department of Physics and Astronomy ,
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Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany;
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University of New Mexico · Cardiff University
Affiliation as printed
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC) , School of Psychology , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK;
University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque , NM 87131 ; School of Computer Science and Informatics ,
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Affiliation as printed
Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK; Medical Radiation Physics ,
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel;
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University Medical Center Utrecht · Cardiff University
Affiliation as printed
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC) , School of Psychology , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK;
University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands;
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University of New Mexico · Cardiff University
Affiliation as printed
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC) , School of Psychology , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK;
University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque , NM 87131 ; School of Computer Science and Informatics ,
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Brighton and Sussex Medical School · University Clinical Centre
Affiliation as printed
Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Brighton , UK
Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre ,
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay , CEA , CNRS ,
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