Temporal Structures in Electron Spectra and Charge Sign Effects in Galactic Cosmic Rays

Physical Review Letters, vol. 130, pp. 161001

Abstract

We present the precision measurements of 11 years of daily cosmic electron fluxes in the rigidity interval from 1.00 to 41.9 GV based on 2.0×10^{8} electrons collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station. The electron fluxes exhibit variations on multiple timescales. Recurrent electron flux variations with periods of 27 days, 13.5 days, and 9 days are observed. We find that the electron fluxes show distinctly different time variations from the proton fluxes. Remarkably, a hysteresis between the electron flux and the proton flux is observed with a significance of greater than 6σ at rigidities below 8.5 GV. Furthermore, significant structures in the electron-proton hysteresis are observed corresponding to sharp structures in both fluxes. This continuous daily electron data provide unique input to the understanding of the charge sign dependence of cosmic rays over an 11-year solar cycle.

Authors 91

1. M. Aguilar

   Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

   Affiliation as printed

   Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain

2. L. Ali Cavasonza Aachen I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME

   RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

3. G. Ambrosi

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

4. L. Arruda

   LIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal

5. N. Attig

   Forschungszentrum Jülich · Jülich Aachen Research Alliance · Jülich Supercomputing Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany

6. C. Bagwell

   Massachusetts Institute of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

7. F. Barão

   LIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal

8. L. Barrin

   European Organization for Nuclear Research

   Affiliation as printed

   European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

9. Alessandro Bartoloni

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy

10. R. Battiston

    University of Trento · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics And Applications

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy

    Università di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy

11. Matthew Behlmann

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

12. N. L. Belyaev

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

13. J. Berdugo

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain

14. B. Bertucci

    University of Perugia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

    Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

15. V. Bindi

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

    Affiliation as printed

    Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

16. K. Bollweg

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration · Johnson Space Center

    Affiliation as printed

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA

17. J. Bolster

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

18. B. Borgia

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy

    Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy

19. M. Boschini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

    INFN Sezione di Milano–Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

20. M. Bourquin

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

21. E. F. Bueno

    University of Groningen

    Affiliation as printed

    Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands

22. W. J. Burger

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics And Applications

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy

23. S. Burmeister

    Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany

24. X.D. Cai

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

25. M. Capell

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

26. Jorge Casaus

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain

27. Guido Castellini

    National Research Council

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    CNR-IROE, 50125 Firenze, Italy

    CNR–IROE, 50125 Firenze, Italy

28. F. Cervelli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa

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    INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy

29. Y. H. Chang

    Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica

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    Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan

30. G. M. Chen

    Chinese Academy of Sciences · Institute of High Energy Physics · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

    Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China

    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China

31. G. R. Chen

    Chinese Academy of Sciences · Institute of High Energy Physics · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

    Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China

    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China

32. H. S. Chen

    Chinese Academy of Sciences · Institute of High Energy Physics · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China

33. Y. Chen

    University of Geneva · Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology

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    DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

    Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China

34. Lin Cheng

    Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China

35. H. Y. Chou

    Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica

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    Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan

36. S. Chouridou Aachen I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME

    RWTH Aachen University

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    I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

37. Vitaly Choutko

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

38. C. H. Chung Aachen I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME

    RWTH Aachen University

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    I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

39. C. Clark

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration · Johnson Space Center · Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA

40. Guy Coignet

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Savoie Mont Blanc · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France

41. C. Consolandi

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

    Affiliation as printed

    Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

42. A. Contin

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

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    INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy

    Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy

43. C. Corti

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

    Affiliation as printed

    Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

44. Z. Cui

    Shandong University · Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China

    Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China

45. Carlos Delgado Mendez

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain

46. S. Della Torre

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

    INFN Sezione di Milano–Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

47. B. Demirköz

    Middle East Technical University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey

48. L. Derome

    Institut polytechnique de Grenoble · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France

49. S. Di Falco

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy

50. V. Di Felice

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata

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    INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy

51. F. Dimiccoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics And Applications

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy

52. Philip Von Doetinchem

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

    Affiliation as printed

    Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

53. Federico Donnini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia

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    INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

54. M. Duranti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia

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    INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

55. Anatolii Iu. Egorov

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

56. Alexandre Eline

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

57. Francesco Faldi

    University of Perugia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia

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    INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

    Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

58. J. H. Feng

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

59. E. Fiandrini

    University of Perugia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

    Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

60. P.H. Fisher

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

61. V. Formato

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata

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    INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy

62. C. Freeman

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

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    Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

63. C. Gámez

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain

64. Ramon J. García López

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

65. Corrado Gargiulo

    European Organization for Nuclear Research

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    European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

66. H. Gast Aachen I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

67. M. Gervasi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca · University of Milano-Bicocca

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

    Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

    INFN Sezione di Milano–Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

    Università di Milano–Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

68. F. Giovacchini

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

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    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain

69. D. M. Gómez-Coral

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

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    Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

70. Jianhua Gong

    Southeast University

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    Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China

71. C. Goy

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Savoie Mont Blanc · Université Grenoble Alpes

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    Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France

72. Varlen Grabski

    Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

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    Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 01000 Mexico

73. Davide Grandi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca · University of Milano-Bicocca

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    INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

    Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

    INFN Sezione di Milano–Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

    Università di Milano–Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy

74. M. Graziani

    University of Perugia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia

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    INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

    Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

75. Aboma Negasa Guracho

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I

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    INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy

76. S. Haino

    Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica

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    Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan

77. Raheem Karim Hashmani

    Middle East Technical University

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    Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey

78. Z. H. He

    Sun Yat-sen University

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    Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China

    Sun Yat–Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China

79. B. Heber

    Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel

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    Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany

80. Marco Incagli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa

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    INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy

81. W. Jang

    Kyungpook National University

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    CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea

82. Yi Jia

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

83. H. Jinchi

    National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology

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    National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan

    National Chung–Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan

84. G. Karagöz

    Middle East Technical University

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    Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey

85. B. Khiali

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata

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    INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy

86. G. N. Kim

    Kyungpook National University

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    CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea

87. Th. Kirn Aachen I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME

    RWTH Aachen University

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    I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

88. O. Kounina

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

89. ANDREI KOUNINE

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

90. V. Koutsenko

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

91. Dimitrii Krasnopevtsev

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA