Optical coherence tomography combined with convolutional neural networks can differentiate between intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and liver parenchyma ex vivo
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, vol. 149, pp. 7877–7885
Abstract
PURPOSE: Surgical resection with complete tumor excision (R0) provides the best chance of long-term survival for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). A non-invasive imaging technology, which could provide quick intraoperative assessment of resection margins, as an adjunct to histological examination, is optical coherence tomography (OCT). In this study, we investigated the ability of OCT combined with convolutional neural networks (CNN), to differentiate iCCA from normal liver parenchyma ex vivo. METHODS: Consecutive adult patients undergoing elective liver resections for iCCA between June 2020 and April 2021 (n = 11) were included in this study. Areas of interest from resection specimens were scanned ex vivo, before formalin fixation, using a table-top OCT device at 1310 nm wavelength. Scanned areas were marked and histologically examined, providing a diagnosis for each scan. An Xception CNN was trained, validated, and tested in matching OCT scans to their corresponding histological diagnoses, through a 5 × 5 stratified cross-validation process. RESULTS: Twenty-four three-dimensional scans (corresponding to approx. 85,603 individual) from ten patients were included in the analysis. In 5 × 5 cross-validation, the model achieved a mean F1-score, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.94, 0.94, and 0.93, respectively. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography combined with CNN can differentiate iCCA from liver parenchyma ex vivo. Further studies are necessary to expand on these results and lead to innovative in vivo OCT applications, such as intraoperative or endoscopic scanning.
Authors 17
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Enno Hachgenei Aachen Department of Production Metrology Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT
Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT
Affiliation as printed
Department of Production Metrology, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Maik Frye Aachen Department of Production Quality Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT
Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT
Affiliation as printed
Department of Production Quality, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Aachen, Germany
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Niels König Aachen Department of Production Metrology Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT
Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT
Affiliation as printed
Department of Production Metrology, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Aachen, Germany
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Robert Heinrich Schmitt Aachen Department of Production Metrology Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL)
Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Production Metrology, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Aachen, Germany
Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav, Carus Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · German Center for Lung Research · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
German Center of Lungs Research (DZL, BREATH), Gießen, Germany
Institute for Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. iamygdalos@ukaachen.de
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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