D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube
Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 18, pp. P04014
Abstract
Abstract The D-Egg, an acronym for “Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,” is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at depths up to 2700 m. The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 ns. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the 310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the design of the D-Eggs, as well as the sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module.
Authors 97
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, U.S.A
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Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, U.S.A
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Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
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Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, U.S.A
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South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
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Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, U.S.A
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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University of California, Irvine
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, U.S.A
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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University of California, Berkeley
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Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
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Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
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Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Technical University of Munich
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Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, U.S.A
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University of Maryland, College Park
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Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, U.S.A
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · University of California, Berkeley
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Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
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Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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University of Maryland, College Park
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Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Affiliation as printed
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
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III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
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Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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Georgia Institute of Technology
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School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
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Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
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Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A
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Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
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Georgia Institute of Technology
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School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, U.S.A
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
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Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A
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Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A
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Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, U.S.A
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Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
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Affiliation as printed
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Georgia Institute of Technology
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School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A
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Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, U.S.A
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Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, U.S.A
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Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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Affiliation as printed
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology — CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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Affiliation as printed
Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Technical University of Munich
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Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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University of Maryland, College Park
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Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
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Affiliation as printed
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, U.S.A
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University of Maryland, College Park
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Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
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Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
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Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, U.S.A
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Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
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Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
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Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
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Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
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Affiliation as printed
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Affiliation as printed
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
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Affiliation as printed
Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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