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January 31, 2023 article Open access Aachen paper

Deep Learning Image Reconstruction for CT: Technical Principles and Clinical Prospects

Radiology, vol. 306, pp. e221257

DOI: 10.1148/radiol.221257 Full text (OA) OpenAlex

Abstract

Filtered back projection (FBP) has been the standard CT image reconstruction method for 4 decades. A simple, fast, and reliable technique, FBP has delivered high-quality images in several clinical applications. However, with faster and more advanced CT scanners, FBP has become increasingly obsolete. Higher image noise and more artifacts are especially noticeable in lower-dose CT imaging using FBP. This performance gap was partly addressed by model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR). Yet, its "plastic" image appearance and long reconstruction times have limited widespread application. Hybrid iterative reconstruction partially addressed these limitations by blending FBP with MBIR and is currently the state-of-the-art reconstruction technique. In the past 5 years, deep learning reconstruction (DLR) techniques have become increasingly popular. DLR uses artificial intelligence to reconstruct high-quality images from lower-dose CT faster than MBIR. However, the performance of DLR algorithms relies on the quality of data used for model training. Higher-quality training data will become available with photon-counting CT scanners. At the same time, spectral data would greatly benefit from the computational abilities of DLR. This review presents an overview of the principles, technical approaches, and clinical applications of DLR, including metal artifact reduction algorithms. In addition, emerging applications and prospects are discussed.

Authors 9

  1. Lennart R. Koetzier Aachen

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cardiovascular Institute · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F., M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)

    Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105

  2. Domenico Mastrodicasa Aachen

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cardiovascular Institute · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F., M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)

    Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105

    Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105

  3. Timothy P. Szczykutowicz Aachen

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cardiovascular Institute · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F., M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)

    Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis

  4. Niels R. van der Werf Aachen

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Philips (Netherlands) · Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cardiovascular Institute · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F., M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)

    Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (

    From the Department of Radiology (

    Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology,

    Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (

    Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology,

    University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology,

  5. Adam Wang Aachen

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cardiovascular Institute · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F., M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)

    Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105

  6. Veit Sandfort Aachen

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cardiovascular Institute · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F., M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)

    Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105

  7. Aart J. van der Molen Aachen

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Philips (Netherlands) · Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cardiovascular Institute · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F., M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)

    Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (

    From the Department of Radiology (

    Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology,

    Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (

    Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology,

    University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology,

  8. Dominik Fleischmann Aachen

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cardiovascular Institute · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F., M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)

    Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105

    Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105

  9. Martin J. Willemink Aachen

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC · Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cardiovascular Institute · Stanford University

    Affiliation as printed

    From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F., M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)

    Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105

    Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105

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