Digital maturity and its determinants in General Practice: a cross-sectional study in 20 countries
Abstract
Abstract Background The extension to which digital technologies are employed to promote the delivery of high-quality healthcare is known as Digital Maturity. Individuals’ and systems’ digital maturity are both necessary to ensure a successful, scalable and sustainable digital transformation in healthcare. Digital maturity in primary care has been scarcely evaluated. Objectives This study assessed the digital maturity - as a whole and in its dimensions - in General Practice and evaluated how participants’ demographic characteristics, practice characteristics and features of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) use are associated with digital maturity. Methods General Practitioners (GPs) across 20 countries completed an online questionnaire between June and September 2020. Demographic data, practice characteristics and features of EHRs use were collected. Digital maturity was evaluated through a framework built upon usage, resources and ability (divided in this study in its collective and individual components), interoperability, general evaluation methods and impact of digital technologies. Each dimension was rated as 1 or 0. The digital maturity score is the sum of the six dimensions and ranges from 0 to 6 (maximum digital maturity). Multivariable linear regression was used to model the total score, while multivariable logistic regression was used to model the probability of meeting each dimension of the score. Results 1,600 GPs (61% female, 68% Europeans) participated. GPs had a median digital maturity of 4 (P25-P75: 3-5). Positive associations with digital maturity were found for: being male (B=0.18 [95%CI 0.01;0.36]), use of EHRs for longer periods (B=0.45 [95%CI 0.35;0.54]) and higher frequencies of access to EHRs (B=0.33 [95%CI 0.17;0.48]). Practising in a rural setting was negatively associated with digital maturity (B=-0.25 [95%CI −0.43;-0.08]). Usage (90%) was the most acknowledged dimension while interoperability (47%) and use of best practice general evaluation methods (28%) were the least. Shorter durations of EHRs use were negatively associated with all digital maturity dimensions (aOR from 0.09 to 0.77). Conclusions Our study demonstrated notable factors that impact digital maturity and exposed discrepancies in digital transformation across healthcare settings. It provides a roadmap for policymakers to develop more efficacious interventions to hasten and take the best advantage of digital transformation in General Practice.
Authors 17
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Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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The University of Sydney · Macquarie University
Affiliation as printed
Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Irish College of General Practitioners
Affiliation as printed
Irish College of General Practitioners, Dublin, Ireland
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Affiliation as printed
Health Research Institute, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Galicia South Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain
Leiro Health Center, Leiro, Spain
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Nanyang Technological University · Imperial College London
Affiliation as printed
Center for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Family Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Family Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover · German Center for Lung Research
Affiliation as printed
BREATH Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Center for Public Health and Healthcare, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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Nanyang Technological University · Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Center for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Universidade do Porto · Centre for Health Technology and Services Research
Affiliation as printed
Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS.UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ana Luísa Neves corresponding
Universidade do Porto · Centre for Health Technology and Services Research · Imperial College London
Affiliation as printed
Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS.UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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