2022 roadmap on low temperature electrochemical CO 2 reduction
Journal of Physics Energy, vol. 4, pp. 042003
Abstract
Abstract Electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 R) is an attractive option for storing renewable electricity and for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals and fuels. In this roadmap, we review recent progress in fundamental understanding, catalyst development, and in engineering and scale-up. We discuss the outstanding challenges towards commercialization of electrochemical CO 2 R technology: energy efficiencies, selectivities, low current densities, and stability. We highlight the opportunities in establishing rigorous standards for benchmarking performance, advances in in operando characterization, the discovery of new materials towards high value products, the investigation of phenomena across multiple-length scales and the application of data science towards doing so. We hope that this collective perspective sparks new research activities that ultimately bring us a step closer towards establishing a low- or zero-emission carbon cycle.
Authors 53
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Ifan E. L. Stephens corresponding
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Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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Karen Chan corresponding
Technical University of Denmark
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Catalysis Theory Center, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire
Affiliation as printed
Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, F-75006, France
Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, F-75006, France
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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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Twelve Benefit Corporation, 614 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States of America
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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
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Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
Twelve Benefit Corporation, 614 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States of America
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Affiliation as printed
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
Affiliation as printed
Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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National Research Council Canada
Affiliation as printed
Energy, Mining, and Environment Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich square 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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Affiliation as printed
LIQUIDLOOP GmbH, Hardenbergstr. 38, AM1, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, 10623, Germany
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Eindhoven University of Technology
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Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Eindhoven Institute of Renewable Energy Systems, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Affiliation as printed
Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
Twelve Benefit Corporation, 614 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States of America
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Affiliation as printed
Twelve Benefit Corporation, 614 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States of America
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Seoul National University · Institute for Basic Science
Affiliation as printed
Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich square 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
eChemicles Zrt, Alsó Kikötő sor 11, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Affiliation as printed
Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
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Affiliation as printed
LIQUIDLOOP GmbH, Hardenbergstr. 38, AM1, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, 10623, Germany
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National Research Council Canada
Affiliation as printed
Energy, Mining, and Environment Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Twelve Benefit Corporation, 614 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States of America
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Seoul National University · Korea Institute of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Twelve Benefit Corporation, 614 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States of America
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School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Kyung Hee University · Korea Institute of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
KHU-KIST Department of Conversing Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Universitaire de France · Université Paris Cité · Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire
Affiliation as printed
Institut Universitaire de France, F-75005 Paris, France
Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, F-75006, France
Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, F-75006, France
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Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
Affiliation as printed
Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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National Research Council Canada
Affiliation as printed
Energy, Mining, and Environment Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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Technical University of Denmark
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Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis(SurfCat), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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University of Oxford · Imperial College London
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Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, Berlin, 10623, Germany
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Institute of Chemistry, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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