ETpathfinder: a cryogenic testbed for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors

Classical and Quantum Gravity, vol. 39, pp. 215008

Abstract

Abstract The third-generation (3G) of gravitational wave observatories, such as the Einstein Telescope (ET) and Cosmic Explorer, aim for an improvement in sensitivity of at least a factor of ten over a wide frequency range compared to the current advanced detectors. In order to inform the design of the 3G detectors and to develop and qualify their subsystems, dedicated test facilities are required. ETpathfinder prototype uses full interferometer configurations and aims to provide a high sensitivity facility in a similar environment as ET. Along with the interferometry at 1550 nm and silicon test masses, ETpathfinder will focus on cryogenic technologies, lasers and optics at 2090 nm and advanced quantum-noise reduction schemes. This paper analyses the underpinning noise contributions and combines them into full noise budgets of the two initially targeted configurations: (1) operating with 1550 nm laser light and at a temperature of 18 K and (2) operating at 2090 nm wavelength and a temperature of 123 K.

Authors 91

1. Andrei Utina corresponding

   Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

   Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

2. A. Amato

   Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

   Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

3. J. J. A. Arends

   Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

4. Chiara Arina

   UCLouvain

   Affiliation as printed

   Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology (CP3), UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

5. Marco De Baar

   Eindhoven University of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands

6. Menno J. Baars

   National Institute for Subatomic Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

7. Patrick Baer Aachen Fraunhofer ILT—Institute for Laser Technology

   Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Fraunhofer ILT-Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany

8. N. van Bakel

   National Institute for Subatomic Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

9. Alessandro Bertolini

   National Institute for Subatomic Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

10. M. van Beuzekom

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

11. Steven Andrew Biersteker

    Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

12. A. Binetti

    KU Leuven

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

13. H.J.M. ter Brake

    University of Twente

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands

14. Giuseppe Eugenio Bruno

    UCLouvain

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology (CP3), UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

15. Henk Jan Bulten

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

16. Lennard Busch

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

17. Pelin Cebeci Aachen Fraunhofer ILT—Institute for Laser Technology

    Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Fraunhofer ILT-Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany

18. Christophe Collette

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    ULiege-Precision Mechatronics Laboratory, 9, Allée de la Découverte, 4000 Liège, Belgium

19. S. J. Cooper

    University of Birmingham

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom

20. Pim Cuijpers

    Maastricht University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

21. M. van Dael

    Eindhoven University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands

22. S. L. Danilishin

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

23. D Diksha

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

24. S. van Doesburg

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

25. M. Doets

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

26. R. Elsinga

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

27. V Erends

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

28. Jürgen Van Erps

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel · Flanders Make (Belgium)

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    Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Applied Physics and Photonics (TONA), Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel and FlandersMake, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

29. A. Freise

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

30. H Frenaij

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

31. Martin Giesberts Aachen Fraunhofer ILT—Institute for Laser Technology

    Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Fraunhofer ILT-Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany

32. S. Grohmann

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

33. Hans Van Haevermaet

    University of Antwerp

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    Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium

34. Joris V. van Heijningen

    UCLouvain

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology (CP3), UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

35. Eric Hennes

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

36. J.-S. Hennig

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

37. M Hennig

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

38. Thomas Hertog

    KU Leuven

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

39. S. Hild

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

40. H.-D. Hoffmann Aachen Fraunhofer ILT—Institute for Laser Technology

    Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology

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    Fraunhofer ILT-Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany

41. Gino Timothy Hoft

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

42. Maria T. E. Hopman

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

43. D. Hoyland

    University of Birmingham

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom

44. Guido Alex Iandolo

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

45. C Ietswaard

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

46. R. Jamshidi

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    ULiege-Precision Mechatronics Laboratory, 9, Allée de la Découverte, 4000 Liège, Belgium

47. P. Jansweijer

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

48. A. W. Jones

    The University of Western Australia

    Affiliation as printed

    OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

49. P. Jones

    University of Birmingham

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom

50. Nicole Knust

    Max Planck Society · Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (AEI), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany

51. G. Koekoek

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

52. Xhesika Koroveshi

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

53. Tim Kortekaas

    Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

54. Anoop Nagesh Koushik

    University of Antwerp

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    Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium

55. M. Kraan

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

56. M. van de Kraats

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

57. S. L. Kranzhoff

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

58. P. Kuijer

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

59. Kumar Akhil Kukkadapu

    University of Antwerp

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    Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium

60. N. Letendre

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Savoie Mont Blanc · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France

    Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France

61. P. Li

    University of Antwerp

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    Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium

62. Rob J. Limburg

    Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

63. F Linde

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

64. Jean‐Pierre Locquet

    KU Leuven

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

65. Peter Loosen Aachen Fraunhofer ILT—Institute for Laser Technology

    Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology

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    Fraunhofer ILT-Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany

66. Harald Lueck

    Max Planck Society · Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics

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    Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (AEI), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany

67. M. Martı́nez

    Institute for High Energy Physics

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    Facultat Ciencies Nord, The Institute for High Energy Physics of Barcelona (IFAE) and ICREA, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

68. A. Masserot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Savoie Mont Blanc · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France

    Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France

69. Fabian Meylahn

    Max Planck Society · Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics

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    Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (AEI), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany

70. Conor M Mow-Lowry

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

71. Juliá Mundet

    Institute for High Energy Physics

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    Facultat Ciencies Nord, The Institute for High Energy Physics of Barcelona (IFAE) and ICREA, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

72. B. Munneke

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

73. Luuk van Nieuwland

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

74. E Pacaud

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Savoie Mont Blanc · Université Grenoble Alpes

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    Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France

    Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France

75. D. Pascucci

    Ghent University

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent: Universiteit Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium

76. Z. van Ranst

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

77. Gert Raskin

    KU Leuven

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

78. P M Recaman

    KU Leuven

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

79. N. Van Remortel

    University of Antwerp

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    Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium

80. L. Rolland

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Savoie Mont Blanc · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France

    Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France

81. L de Roo

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

82. E Roose

    University of Antwerp

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    Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium

83. D. Ryckbosch

    Ghent University

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent: Universiteit Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium

84. Koen Schouteden

    KU Leuven

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    Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

85. Alexander Sevrin

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel · University of Antwerp · International Solvay Institutes

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    Theoretische Natuurkunde, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & The International Solvay Institutes, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

    Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium

86. A. Sider

    University of Liège

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    ULiege-Precision Mechatronics Laboratory, 9, Allée de la Découverte, 4000 Liège, Belgium

87. Ayatri Singha

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

88. Viola Spagnuolo

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

89. Á. Stáhl Aachen

    RWTH Aachen University

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    RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52062 Aachen, Germany

90. J. Steinlechner

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

91. S. Steinlechner

    Maastricht University · National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands