TiEMPO: open-source time-dependent end-to-end model for simulating ground-based submillimeter astronomical observations

Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems, vol. 8, pp. 1–16

Abstract

The next technological breakthrough in millimeter–submillimeter astronomy is three-dimensional imaging spectrometry with wide instantaneous spectral bandwidths and wide fields of view. The total optimization of the focal-plane instrument, the telescope, the observing strategy, and the signal-processing software must enable efficient removal of foreground emission from the Earth’s atmosphere, which is time-dependent and highly nonlinear in frequency. Here, we present Time-dependent End-to-end Model for Post-process Optimization (TiEMPO) of the DEep Spectroscopic HIgh-redshift MApper (DESHIMA) spectrometer. TiEMPO utilizes a dynamical model of the atmosphere and parameterized models of the astronomical source, the telescope, the instrument, and the detector. The output of TiEMPO is a time stream of sky brightness temperature and detected power, which can be analyzed by standard signal-processing software. We first compare TiEMPO simulations with an on-sky measurement by the wideband DESHIMA spectrometer, and find good agreement in the noise and sensitivity. We then use TiEMPO to simulate the detection of the line emission spectrum of a high-redshift galaxy using the DESHIMA 2.0 spectrometer in development. The TiEMPO model is open source. Its modular and parametrized design enables users to adapt it to optimize the end-to-end performance of spectroscopic and photometric instruments on existing and future telescopes.

Authors 18

1. Esmee Huijten

   ETH Zurich · Delft University of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Technische Univ. Delft

   Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,

   ETH Zurich (Switzerland)

2. Yannick Roelvink

   Delft University of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Technische Univ. Delft

   Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,

3. S. A. Brackenhoff

   Delft University of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Technische Univ. Delft

   Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,

4. Akio Taniguchi

   Nagoya University

   Affiliation as printed

   Nagoya Univ

   Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Aichi

5. Tom J. L. C. Bakx

   Nagoya University

   Affiliation as printed

   Nagoya Univ

   Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Aichi

6. Kaushal B. Marthi

   University of Groningen

   Affiliation as printed

   Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Univ. of Groningen

   University of Groningen, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Groningen

7. Stan Zaalberg

   Delft University of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Technische Univ. Delft

   Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,

8. Anne-Kee Doing

   Delft University of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Technische Univ. Delft

   Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,

9. J. J. A. Baselmans Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

   Space Research Organisation Netherlands · Delft University of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Technische Univ. Delft

   Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,

   SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (Netherlands)

10. Kah Wuy Chin

    National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · The University of Tokyo

    Affiliation as printed

    National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

    National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (Japan)

    The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)

11. Robert Huiting Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands

    Affiliation as printed

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (Netherlands)

12. K. Karatsu Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands · Delft University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Technische Univ. Delft

    Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (Netherlands)

13. Alejandro Pascual Laguna Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands · Delft University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Technische Univ. Delft

    Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (Netherlands)

14. Yoichi Tamura

    Nagoya University

    Affiliation as printed

    Nagoya Univ

    Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Aichi

15. Tatsuya Takekoshi

    Kitami Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Kitami Institute of Technology

    Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Hokkaido

16. S. J. C. Yates Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands

    Affiliation as printed

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (Netherlands)

17. Maarten van Hoven

    Delft University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Technische Univ. Delft

    Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,

18. Akira Endo

    Delft University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Technische Univ. Delft

    Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science,