Selective Dynamical Imaging of Interferometric Data
The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 930, pp. L18
Abstract
Abstract Recent developments in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have made it possible for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) to resolve the innermost accretion flows of the largest supermassive black holes on the sky. The sparse nature of the EHT’s (u, v)-coverage presents a challenge when attempting to resolve highly time-variable sources. We demonstrate that the changing (u, v)-coverage of the EHT can contain regions of time over the course of a single observation that facilitate dynamical imaging. These optimal time regions typically have projected baseline distributions that are approximately angularly isotropic and radially homogeneous. We derive a metric of coverage quality based on baseline isotropy and density that is capable of ranking array configurations by their ability to produce accurate dynamical reconstructions. We compare this metric to existing metrics in the literature and investigate their utility by performing dynamical reconstructions on synthetic data from simulated EHT observations of sources with simple orbital variability. We then use these results to make recommendations for imaging the 2017 EHT Sgr A* data set.
Authors 99
-
Joseph Farah corresponding
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network · University of California, Santa Barbara
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; josephfarah@ucsb.edu
Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Harvard University · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
-
California Institute of Technology · Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
-
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
-
José Luis Gómez corresponding
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CíSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
-
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · The University of Tokyo
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
-
Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · The University of Tokyo
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
-
Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
-
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
-
Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
-
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
-
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
-
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
-
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
-
Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
-
Universitat de València · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
-
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
-
Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
-
Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
-
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory · University of Chicago
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
-
Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie
Affiliation as printed
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
-
Trottier Space Institute at McGill · McGill University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
-
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
-
Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
-
University of Waterloo · Perimeter Institute
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street N, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
-
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
-
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
-
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute · Korea University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
-
Affiliation as printed
Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
-
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
-
Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
-
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CíSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
-
Affiliation as printed
Physics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA
-
Chalmers University of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
-
Affiliation as printed
Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
-
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
-
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
-
Radboud University Nijmegen · Flatiron Institute · Columbia University
Affiliation as printed
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
Department of Astronomy and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 550 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
-
Goethe University Frankfurt · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Pancini", Universitá di Napoli "Federico II", Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
-
University of the Witwatersrand · Rhodes University · University of Pretoria
Affiliation as printed
Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
Wits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
-
Affiliation as printed
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
-
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique
Affiliation as printed
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France
-
Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Chinese Academy of Sciences · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy · National Astronomical Observatories
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
-
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
-
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Affiliation as printed
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
-
Affiliation as printed
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
-
Goethe University Frankfurt · Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
-
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
-
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
-
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
-
Radboud University Nijmegen · Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047, Selargius, CA, Italy
-
University of Southern Denmark · Perimeter Institute · Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology
Affiliation as printed
CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street N, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
-
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics · Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación
Affiliation as printed
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologìa, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, México
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México
-
Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
-
Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
-
Trottier Space Institute at McGill · McGill University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
-
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
-
Affiliation as printed
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
-
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
-
Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
-
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Affiliation as printed
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México
-
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe · The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · The Institute of Statistical Mathematics · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · The University of Tokyo
Affiliation as printed
Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
-
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
-
Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
-
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
-
Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
-
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
-
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute · Korea University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
-
University of Waterloo · Perimeter Institute
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street N, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
Cited by 7 stored of 32
7 results