Characterizing and Mitigating Intraday Variability: Reconstructing Source Structure in Accreting Black Holes with mm-VLBI

The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 930, pp. L21

Abstract

Abstract The extraordinary physical resolution afforded by the Event Horizon Telescope has opened a window onto the astrophysical phenomena unfolding on horizon scales in two known black holes, M87 * and Sgr A*. However, with this leap in resolution has come a new set of practical complications. Sgr A* exhibits intraday variability that violates the assumptions underlying Earth aperture synthesis, limiting traditional image reconstruction methods to short timescales and data sets with very sparse ( u , v ) coverage. We present a new set of tools to detect and mitigate this variability. We develop a data-driven, model-agnostic procedure to detect and characterize the spatial structure of intraday variability. This method is calibrated against a large set of mock data sets, producing an empirical estimator of the spatial power spectrum of the brightness fluctuations. We present a novel Bayesian noise modeling algorithm that simultaneously reconstructs an average image and statistical measure of the fluctuations about it using a parameterized form for the excess variance in the complex visibilities not otherwise explained by the statistical errors. These methods are validated using a variety of simulated data, including general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations appropriate for Sgr A* and M87 * . We find that the reconstructed source structure and variability are robust to changes in the underlying image model. We apply these methods to the 2017 EHT observations of M87 * , finding evidence for variability across the EHT observing campaign. The variability mitigation strategies presented are widely applicable to very long baseline interferometry observations of variable sources generally, for which they provide a data-informed averaging procedure and natural characterization of inter-epoch image consistency.

Authors 98

1. Avery E. Broderick corresponding

   University of Waterloo · Perimeter Institute

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

   Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada

   Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

2. Roman Gold

   Goethe University Frankfurt · University of Southern Denmark · Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology

   Affiliation as printed

   CP3-Origins , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark

   Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany

   CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark

   Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

3. Boris Georgiev

   University of Waterloo · Perimeter Institute

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

   Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada

   Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

4. Dominic W. Pesce

   Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

   Affiliation as printed

   Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

   Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

   Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

   Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

5. Paul Tiede

   Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

   Affiliation as printed

   Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

   Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

   Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

   Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

6. Chunchong Ni

   University of Waterloo · Perimeter Institute

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

   Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada

   Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

7. Kotaro Moriyama

   Goethe University Frankfurt · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · Massachusetts Institute of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

   Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA

   Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan

8. Kazunori Akiyama

   Harvard University · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · Massachusetts Institute of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

   Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA

   National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan

9. Antonio José Alberdi

   Perimeter Institute · Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía

   Affiliation as printed

   Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

   Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain

10. W. Alef

    Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

11. Juan Carlos Algaba

    Perimeter Institute · University of Malaya

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

12. Richard Anantua

    Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian · The University of Texas at San Antonio

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA

13. Keiichi Asada

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Perimeter Institute · Academia Sinica

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C

14. Rebecca Azulay

    Universitat de València · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

    Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain

15. U. Bach

    Perimeter Institute · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

16. Anne-Kathrin Baczko

    Perimeter Institute · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

17. David R. Ball

    University of Arizona

    Affiliation as printed

    Steward Observatory and

    Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

18. Mislav Baloković

    Perimeter Institute · Yale University

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics , Yale University , 52 Hillhouse Avenue , New Haven , CT 06511 , USA

    Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA

19. John Barrett

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road , Westford , MA 01886 , USA

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA

20. Michi Bauböck

    University of Waterloo · University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue W , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

21. Bradford A. Benson

    Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory · University of Waterloo · University of Chicago

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue W , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , MS209 , P.O. Box 500 , Batavia , IL 60510 , USA

    Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

    Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA

22. Dan Bintley

    East Asian Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    East Asian Observatory , 660 N. A'ohoku Place , Hilo , HI 96720 , USA

    James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) , 660 N. A'ohoku Place , Hilo , HI 96720 , USA

    East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA

    James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA

23. Lindy Blackburn

    Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

24. R. Blundell

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

25. Katherine L. Bouman

    California Institute of Technology · University of Waterloo

    Affiliation as printed

    California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA

    Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue W , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

26. Geoffrey C. Bower

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA

27. Hope Boyce

    University of Waterloo · Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique · Trottier Space Institute at McGill · McGill University · Korea University of Science and Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics , McGill University , 3600 rue University , Montréal , QC H3A 2T8, Canada 29 McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada 30 Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France 31 Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands 32 Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA 33 Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea 34 University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea 35 Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 36 Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 37 Enrico Fermi I

    Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue W , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada

    McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada

28. Michael Bremer

    University of Arizona · Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy , University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave. , Tucson , AZ 85721 , USA

    Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France

29. Christiaan D. Brinkerink

    Radboud University Nijmegen · University of Waterloo

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

30. Roger Brissenden

    Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

31. S. Britzen

    Perimeter Institute · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

32. Dominique Broguière

    University of Waterloo · Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France

33. Thomas Bronzwaer

    Radboud University Nijmegen · University of Waterloo

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

34. Sandra Bustamante

    University of Waterloo · University of Massachusetts Amherst

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA

35. Do‐Young Byun

    University of Waterloo · Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute · Korea University of Science and Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea

    University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea

36. J. E. Carlstrom

    University of Waterloo · University of Chicago

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics , University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , IL 60637 , USA

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

    Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

    Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

    Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

37. Chiara Ceccobello

    University of Waterloo · Chalmers University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden

38. Andrew Chael

    University of Southern Denmark · Princeton University · Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology

    Affiliation as printed

    CP3-Origins , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark

    NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow

    Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

39. Chi‐kwan Chan

    University of Arizona · University of Southern Denmark · Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology

    Affiliation as printed

    CP3-Origins , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark

    Steward Observatory and

    Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

    Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

    Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

40. Koushik Chatterjee

    Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

41. Shami Chatterjee

    University of Southern Denmark · Cornell University · Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology

    Affiliation as printed

    CP3-Origins , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark

    Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

42. Ming‐Tang Chen

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · University of Waterloo

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue W , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA

43. Xiaopeng Cheng

    University of Waterloo · Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea

44. Ilje Cho

    Perimeter Institute · Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain

45. Pierre Christian

    Fairfield University · University of Southern Denmark · Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology

    Affiliation as printed

    CP3-Origins , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark

    Physics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA

46. Nicholas S. Conroy

    University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

47. John Edward Conway

    University of Waterloo · Chalmers University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden

48. J. M. Cordes

    University of Southern Denmark · Cornell University · Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology

    Affiliation as printed

    CP3-Origins , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark

    Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

49. T. M. Crawford

    University of Waterloo · University of Chicago

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics , University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , IL 60637 , USA

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

    Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

50. G. Crew

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road , Westford , MA 01886 , USA

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA

51. Alejandro Cruz-Osorio

    Goethe University Frankfurt

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany

    Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

52. Yuzhu Cui

    Shanghai Jiao Tong University · The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China

53. Jordy Davelaar

    Radboud University Nijmegen · University of Waterloo · Flatiron Institute · Columbia University

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA

    Department of Astronomy and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 550 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA

    Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

54. Mariafelicia De Laurentis corresponding

    Goethe University Frankfurt · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany

    Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Pancini," Universitá di Napoli "Federico II,"Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy

    INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy

    Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

55. Roger P Deane

    Goethe University Frankfurt · University of the Witwatersrand · Rhodes University · University of Pretoria

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany

    Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa

    Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa

    Wits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa

56. Jessica T. Dempsey

    East Asian Observatory · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

    East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA

    James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA

57. G. Desvignes

    Goethe University Frankfurt · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany

    LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

58. Jason Dexter

    Goethe University Frankfurt · Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics · University of Colorado Boulder

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany

    JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

59. Vedant Dhruv

    University of Waterloo · University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue W , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

60. Sheperd S. Doeleman

    Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

61. Sean Dougal

    University of Arizona · Perimeter Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

62. Sergio A. Dzib

    Perimeter Institute · Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

63. Ralph P. Eatough

    Perimeter Institute · Chinese Academy of Sciences · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy · National Astronomical Observatories

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

    National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China

64. Razieh Emami

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

65. Heino D. Falcke

    Radboud University Nijmegen · University of Waterloo

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

66. Joseph Farah

    Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network · University of California, Santa Barbara · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA

    Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA

67. Vincent L. Fish

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road , Westford , MA 01886 , USA

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA

68. Edward B. Fomalont

    National Radio Astronomy Observatory · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

69. H. Alyson Ford

    University of Arizona · Perimeter Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

70. Raquel Fraga-Encinas

    Radboud University Nijmegen · University of Waterloo

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

71. William T. Freeman

    Google (United States) · University of Arizona · Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy , University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave. , Tucson , AZ 85721 , USA

    Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA

    Google Research, 355 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA

72. Per Friberg

    East Asian Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA

    James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA

73. Christian M. Fromm

    Goethe University Frankfurt · Perimeter Institute · University of Würzburg · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany

    Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

74. Antonio Fuentes

    Perimeter Institute · Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain

75. Peter Louis Galison

    Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

76. Charles F. Gammie

    University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian · National Center for Supercomputing Applications

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Department of Physics , University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA

    Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

    Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

    NCSA, University of Illinois, 1205 W. Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA

77. Roberto García

    University of Waterloo · Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France

78. Olivier Gentaz

    University of Waterloo · Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique

    Affiliation as printed

    Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France

79. C. Goddi

    Harvard University · University of Cagliari · Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy

    INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047, Selargius, CA, Italy

80. Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz

    Harvard University · National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics · Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologìa, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, México

    Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México

81. José Luis Gómez

    Perimeter Institute · Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain

82. Minfeng Gu

    Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China

83. Mark Gurwell

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

84. Kazuhiro Hada

    University of Southern Denmark · The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

    Affiliation as printed

    CP3-Origins , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark

    Mizusawa VLBI Observatory , National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka , Mizusawa , Oshu , Iwate 023-0861 , Japan

    Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan

    Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan

85. Daryl Haggard

    University of Waterloo · Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique · Trottier Space Institute at McGill · McGill University · Korea University of Science and Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics , McGill University , 3600 rue University , Montréal , QC H3A 2T8, Canada 29 McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada 30 Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France 31 Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands 32 Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA 33 Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea 34 University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea 35 Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 36 Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 37 Enrico Fermi I

    Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue W , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada

    McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada

86. Kari Haworth

    Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

87. M. H. Hecht

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road , Westford , MA 01886 , USA

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA

88. Ronald Hesper

    Harvard University · University of Groningen

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands

89. Dirk Heumann

    University of Arizona · Perimeter Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North , Waterloo , ON N2L 2Y5 , Canada;

    Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

90. Luis C. Ho

    Peking University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China

91. Paul T. P. Ho

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · University of Waterloo · Academia Sinica

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue W , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica , 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building , AS/NTU No. 1 , Sec. 4 , Roosevelt Rd. , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan, R.O.C

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C

    James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA

92. Mareki Honma

    Harvard University · The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · The University of Tokyo

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Mizusawa VLBI Observatory , National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka , Mizusawa , Oshu , Iwate 023-0861 , Japan

    Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan

    Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

    Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan

93. Lei Huang

    Harvard University · Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China

    Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China

94. David H. Hughes

    University of Arizona · National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy , University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave. , Tucson , AZ 85721 , USA

    Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México

95. Shiro Ikeda

    Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe · The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · The Institute of Statistical Mathematics · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · Massachusetts Institute of Technology · The University of Tokyo

    Affiliation as printed

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road , Westford , MA 01886 , USA

    National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa , Mitaka , Tokyo 181-8588 , Japan

    Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan

    Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan

    National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan

    The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan

96. C. M. Violette Impellizzeri Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · National Radio Astronomy Observatory · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

    National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

97. Makoto Inoue

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica , 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building , AS/NTU No. 1 , Sec. 4 , Roosevelt Rd. , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan, R.O.C

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C

98. Sara Issaoun

    University of Southern Denmark · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian · Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology

    Affiliation as printed

    CP3-Origins , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark

    Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

    NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow